Propofol with ketamine following sedation with xylazine for routine induction of general anaesthesia in horses.
Abstract: To document the suitability of intravenous propofol and ketamine following sedation with xylazine for routine anaesthetic induction in horses. Retrospective. 100 client-owned horses. Anaesthetic records were evaluated to determine: signalment, anaesthetic drug and dosages, need for additional induction agents, notation of any adverse events, duration of anaesthesia and recovery characteristics (rough or smooth, and rapid or prolonged). Horses were sedated with xylazine 0.99±(0.2) mg/kg intravenous and 23 horses were also administered butorphanol 0.02±(0.001) mg/kg intravenous. Horses were anaesthetised with a combination of propofol 0.40±(0.1) mg/kg intravenous and ketamine 2.8±(0.3) mg/kg intravenous. Six horses required additional ketamine. None became apnoeic and no adverse events were noted. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 66 horses and a combination of guaifenesin, ketamine and xylazine (GKX) in 34 horses. Total anaesthesia time was 125.4±(46) minutes. Fifty-one horses were administered romifidine 0.016 (±0.008) mg/kg intravenous at recovery. Time from orotracheal extubation to standing was 27.6±(25) minutes. Of the 58 records with recovery characteristics, the number per category was: rapid n=6, prolonged n=3, smooth n=46, rough n=6. Intravenous propofol and ketamine following xylazine provided satisfactory anaesthetic inductions and recoveries in a varied population of horses without any clinically relevant adverse events.
Publication Date: 2013-11-11 PubMed ID: 24218416DOI: 10.1136/vr.101906Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research aimed to assess the effectiveness of intravenous propofol and ketamine following xylazine sedation for inducing general anaesthesia in horses, which was found satisfactory with no significant adverse events.
Study Methodology
- Over the course of this retrospective study, the anaesthetic records of 100 client-owned horses were evaluated. Attributes considered in the evaluation included the animals’ signalment, anaesthetic drugs and their respective dosages, the necessity for extra induction agents, any notes on adverse events, duration of anaesthesia, and recovery characteristics.
- Horses were sedated with xylazine, and some also received intravenous butorphanol. Anaesthesia was then induced with a combination of propofol and ketamine. Six of these horses required extra ketamine. During the course of this study, no adverse events took place nor did any of the horses become apnoeic.
Anaesthesia Maintenance and Recovery
- The anaesthesia was maintained using isoflurane in 66 of the horses, while the remaining 34 horses received a combination of guaifenesin, ketamine, and xylazine (GKX). The total duration of anaesthesia was approximately 125.4±(46) minutes on average.
- Around 51 horses were administered romifidine intravenously during recovery. The average time for a horse to stand post orotracheal extubation operation was recorded as 27.6±(25) minutes.
- Out of the 58 records reporting recovery characteristics, results were classified under the categories: rapid recovery (6 horses), prolonged recovery (3 horses), smooth recovery (46 horses), and rough recovery (6 horses).
Study Conclusion
- The research concluded that employing a combination of propofol and ketamine to induce anaesthesia following xylazine sedation yielded satisfactory results in a diverse array of horses.
- No clinically substantial adverse events were recorded, thus the use of these substances was deemed safe and efficient for inducing general anaesthesia in horses.
Cite This Article
APA
Posner LP, Kasten JI, Kata C.
(2013).
Propofol with ketamine following sedation with xylazine for routine induction of general anaesthesia in horses.
Vet Rec, 173(22), 550.
https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.101906 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Anesthesia Recovery Period
- Anesthesia, General / methods
- Anesthesia, General / veterinary
- Anesthetics, Combined / administration & dosage
- Anesthetics, Combined / adverse effects
- Anesthetics, Intravenous / administration & dosage
- Anesthetics, Intravenous / adverse effects
- Animals
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Horses
- Ketamine / administration & dosage
- Ketamine / adverse effects
- Propofol / administration & dosage
- Propofol / adverse effects
- Records
- Retrospective Studies
- Veterinary Medicine
- Xylazine / administration & dosage
Citations
This article has been cited 4 times.- Gozalo-Marcilla M, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Johnston M, Taylor PM, Redondo JI. Data Collection for the Fourth Multicentre Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Equine Fatalities (CEPEF4) Study: New Technology and Preliminary Results. Animals (Basel) 2021 Aug 30;11(9).
- Gozalo-Marcilla M, Ringer SK. Recovery after General Anaesthesia in Adult Horses: A Structured Summary of the Literature. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jun 14;11(6).
- Tokushige H, Araki M, Kusano K, Arima D, Ito H, Yamazaki Y, Urayama S, Kambayashi Y, Tateno O, Ohta M. A retrospective comparison of induction with thiopental/guaifenesin and propofol/ketamine in Thoroughbred racehorses anesthetized with sevoflurane and medetomidine during arthroscopic surgery. J Equine Sci 2019 Jul;30(2):25-31.
- Otsuka T, Araki M, Mita H, Kambayashi Y, Yoshihara E, Ohta M. Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol-ketamine-xylazine with or without remifentanil in thoroughbred horses undergoing castration. J Equine Sci 2024 Oct;35(3):35-41.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
