FREE SHIPPING over $40
Horse Supplements USA English
Horse Supplements Canada EnglishSuppléments Équins Canada French
My Account
View Cart My Horses Track Orders Account Details My Subscriptions Update Address Payment Methods
Register/Login
0
Home/Equine Research Bank/J Virol/Proteolytic processing of the replicase ORF1a protein of equ...
Journal of virology1994; 68(9); 5755-5764; doi: 10.1128/JVI.68.9.5755-5764.1994

Proteolytic processing of the replicase ORF1a protein of equine arteritis virus.

Abstract: To study the proteolytic processing of the equine arteritis virus (EAV) replicase open reading frame 1a (ORF1a) protein, specific antisera were raised in rabbits, with six synthetic peptides and a bacterial fusion protein as antigens. The processing of the EAV ORF1a product in infected cells was analyzed with Western blot (immunoblot) and immunoprecipitation techniques. Additional information was obtained from transient expression of ORF1a cDNA constructs. The 187-kDa ORF1a protein was found to be subject to at least five proteolytic cleavages. The processing scheme, which covers the entire ORF1a protein, results in cleavage products of approximately 29, 61, 22, 31, 41, and 3 kDa, which were named nonstructural proteins (nsps) 1 through 6, respectively. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that the cleavages at the nsp1/2 and nsp2/3 junctions are the most rapid processing steps. The remaining nsp3456 precursor is first cleaved at the nsp4/5 site. Final processing of the nsp34 and nsp56 intermediates is extremely slow. As predicted from previous in vitro translation experiments (E. J. Snijder, A. L. M. Wassenaar, and W. J. M. Spaan, J. Virol. 66:7040-7048, 1992), a cysteine protease domain in nsp1 was shown to be responsible for the nsp1/2 cleavage. The other processing steps are carried out by the putative EAV serine protease in nsp4 and by a third protease, which remains to be identified.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1994-09-01 PubMed ID: 8057457PubMed Central: PMC236979DOI: 10.1128/JVI.68.9.5755-5764.1994Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedIn
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examines the proteolytic processing of the equine arteritis virus (EAV) using specific antisera. This process was studied in infected cells through methods such as Western blot and immunoprecipitation techniques. Findings discovered that the ORF1a protein underwent at least five proteolytic cleavages, each resulting in proteins of various sizes.

Research Methodologies

For this research, scientists used several methods:

  • Raised specific antisera in rabbits using six synthetic peptides and a bacterial fusion protein as antigens to study the ORF1a protein of the equine arteritis virus (EAV).
  • The processing of the EAV ORF1a protein in infected cells was analyzed with Western blot (immunoblot) and immunoprecipitation techniques. Both methods are experimental procedures used to detect specific proteins based on their ability to bind to specific antibodies.
  • Additional information was gleaned from the transient expression of ORF1a cDNA constructs. This involves introducing the ORF1a gene into a host organism and studying its expression or functionality within that organism.

Findings

The research led to several key findings:

  • The 187-kDa ORF1a protein underwent at least five proteolytic cleavages. Proteolytic cleavage refers to the process where proteins are broken down to smaller pieces.
  • The cleavage products, named nonstructural proteins (nsps) 1 through 6, had weights approximately 29, 61, 22, 31, 41, and 3 kDa. These various sized proteins would have different functional roles in the replication and infection process of the virus.
  • Pulse-chase experiments showed the most rapid processing steps were at the nsp1/2 and nsp2/3 junctions. Pulse-chase experiments are a method used to study the rate of protein synthesis and degradation.
  • The other processing steps were performed by the EAV serine protease in nsp4 and by a third unidentified protease. Proteases are enzymes that break down proteins.

Implication of Findings

These findings provide important insights into the proteolytic processing of the EAV ORF1a protein. Understanding these processes could be key to developing treatments or vaccines for diseases caused by the equine arteritis virus.

Cite This Article

APA
Snijder EJ, Wassenaar AL, Spaan WJ. (1994). Proteolytic processing of the replicase ORF1a protein of equine arteritis virus. J Virol, 68(9), 5755-5764. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.68.9.5755-5764.1994

Publication

Journal of virology
ISSN: 0022-538X
NlmUniqueID: 0113724
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 68
Issue: 9
Pages: 5755-5764

Researcher Affiliations

Snijder, E J
  • Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
Wassenaar, A L
    Spaan, W J

      MeSH Terms

      • Amino Acid Sequence
      • Equartevirus / enzymology
      • Genes, Viral
      • Molecular Sequence Data
      • Open Reading Frames
      • Peptides / chemistry
      • Peptides / immunology
      • Precipitin Tests
      • Protein Processing, Post-Translational
      • RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase / metabolism
      • Solubility
      • Time Factors
      • Viral Proteins / chemistry
      • Viral Proteins / immunology
      • Viral Proteins / metabolism
      • Viral Structural Proteins / genetics

      References

      This article includes 44 references
      1. Jore J, De Geus B, Jackson RJ, Pouwels PH, Enger-Valk BE. Poliovirus protein 3CD is the active protease for processing of the precursor protein P1 in vitro.. J Gen Virol 1988 Jul;69 ( Pt 7):1627-36.
        pubmed: 2839599doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-7-1627google scholar: lookup
      2. BRYANS JT, CROWE ME, DOLL ER, MCCOLLUM WH. Isolation of a filterable agent causing arteritis of horses and abortion by mares; its differentiation from the equine abortion (influenza) virus.. Cornell Vet 1957 Jan;47(1):3-41.
        pubmed: 13397177
      3. Ypma-Wong MF, Dewalt PG, Johnson VH, Lamb JG, Semler BL. Protein 3CD is the major poliovirus proteinase responsible for cleavage of the P1 capsid precursor.. Virology 1988 Sep;166(1):265-70.
        pubmed: 2842953doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90172-9google scholar: lookup
      4. Smith DB, Johnson KS. Single-step purification of polypeptides expressed in Escherichia coli as fusions with glutathione S-transferase.. Gene 1988 Jul 15;67(1):31-40.
        pubmed: 3047011doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(88)90005-4google scholar: lookup
      5. Bazan JF, Fletterick RJ. Viral cysteine proteases are homologous to the trypsin-like family of serine proteases: structural and functional implications.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988 Nov;85(21):7872-6.
        pubmed: 3186696doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.21.7872google scholar: lookup
      6. Gorbalenya AE, Donchenko AP, Blinov VM, Koonin EV. Cysteine proteases of positive strand RNA viruses and chymotrypsin-like serine proteases. A distinct protein superfamily with a common structural fold.. FEBS Lett 1989 Jan 30;243(2):103-14.
        pubmed: 2645167doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80109-7google scholar: lookup
      7. Gorbalenya AE, Koonin EV, Donchenko AP, Blinov VM. Coronavirus genome: prediction of putative functional domains in the non-structural polyprotein by comparative amino acid sequence analysis.. Nucleic Acids Res 1989 Jun 26;17(12):4847-61.
        pubmed: 2526320doi: 10.1093/nar/17.12.4847google scholar: lookup
      8. Elroy-Stein O, Fuerst TR, Moss B. Cap-independent translation of mRNA conferred by encephalomyocarditis virus 5' sequence improves the performance of the vaccinia virus/bacteriophage T7 hybrid expression system.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989 Aug;86(16):6126-30.
        pubmed: 2548200doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.16.6126google scholar: lookup
      9. Bredenbeek PJ, Pachuk CJ, Noten AF, Charitu00e9 J, Luytjes W, Weiss SR, Spaan WJ. The primary structure and expression of the second open reading frame of the polymerase gene of the coronavirus MHV-A59; a highly conserved polymerase is expressed by an efficient ribosomal frameshifting mechanism.. Nucleic Acids Res 1990 Apr 11;18(7):1825-32.
        pubmed: 2159623doi: 10.1093/nar/18.7.1825google scholar: lookup
      10. de Vries AA, Chirnside ED, Bredenbeek PJ, Gravestein LA, Horzinek MC, Spaan WJ. All subgenomic mRNAs of equine arteritis virus contain a common leader sequence.. Nucleic Acids Res 1990 Jun 11;18(11):3241-7.
        pubmed: 2162519doi: 10.1093/nar/18.11.3241google scholar: lookup
      11. de Groot RJ, Hardy WR, Shirako Y, Strauss JH. Cleavage-site preferences of Sindbis virus polyproteins containing the non-structural proteinase. Evidence for temporal regulation of polyprotein processing in vivo.. EMBO J 1990 Aug;9(8):2631-8.
        pubmed: 2142454doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07445.xgoogle scholar: lookup
      12. Schaad MC, Stohlman SA, Egbert J, Lum K, Fu K, Wei T Jr, Baric RS. Genetics of mouse hepatitis virus transcription: identification of cistrons which may function in positive and negative strand RNA synthesis.. Virology 1990 Aug;177(2):634-45.
        pubmed: 2164727doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90529-zgoogle scholar: lookup
      13. Baric RS, Fu K, Schaad MC, Stohlman SA. Establishing a genetic recombination map for murine coronavirus strain A59 complementation groups.. Virology 1990 Aug;177(2):646-56.
        pubmed: 2164728doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90530-5google scholar: lookup
      14. Snijder EJ, den Boon JA, Bredenbeek PJ, Horzinek MC, Rijnbrand R, Spaan WJ. The carboxyl-terminal part of the putative Berne virus polymerase is expressed by ribosomal frameshifting and contains sequence motifs which indicate that toro- and coronaviruses are evolutionarily related.. Nucleic Acids Res 1990 Aug 11;18(15):4535-42.
        pubmed: 2388833doi: 10.1093/nar/18.15.4535google scholar: lookup
      15. Lee HJ, Shieh CK, Gorbalenya AE, Koonin EV, La Monica N, Tuler J, Bagdzhadzhyan A, Lai MM. The complete sequence (22 kilobases) of murine coronavirus gene 1 encoding the putative proteases and RNA polymerase.. Virology 1991 Feb;180(2):567-82.
        pubmed: 1846489doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90071-igoogle scholar: lookup
      16. Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4.. Nature 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680-5.
        pubmed: 5432063doi: 10.1038/227680a0google scholar: lookup
      17. Reichlin M. Use of glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent for proteins and peptides.. Methods Enzymol 1980;70(A):159-65.
        pubmed: 6252416doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)70047-2google scholar: lookup
      18. Kyte J, Doolittle RF. A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein.. J Mol Biol 1982 May 5;157(1):105-32.
        pubmed: 7108955doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90515-0google scholar: lookup
      19. van Berlo MF, Zeegers JJ, Horzinek MC, van der Zeijst BA. Antigenic comparison of equine arteritis virus (EAV) and lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV); binding of staphylococcal protein A to the nucleocapsid protein of EAV.. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1983 May;30(4):297-304.
        pubmed: 6191473doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1983.tb01846.xgoogle scholar: lookup
      20. Devereux J, Haeberli P, Smithies O. A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX.. Nucleic Acids Res 1984 Jan 11;12(1 Pt 1):387-95.
        pubmed: 6546423doi: 10.1093/nar/12.1part1.387google scholar: lookup
      21. Fuerst TR, Niles EG, Studier FW, Moss B. Eukaryotic transient-expression system based on recombinant vaccinia virus that synthesizes bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986 Nov;83(21):8122-6.
        pubmed: 3095828doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.21.8122google scholar: lookup
      22. Boursnell ME, Brown TD, Foulds IJ, Green PF, Tomley FM, Binns MM. Completion of the sequence of the genome of the coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus.. J Gen Virol 1987 Jan;68 ( Pt 1):57-77.
        pubmed: 3027249doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-68-1-57google scholar: lookup
      23. Kunkel TA, Roberts JD, Zakour RA. Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection.. Methods Enzymol 1987;154:367-82.
        pubmed: 3323813doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)54085-xgoogle scholar: lookup
      24. Barton DJ, Sawicki SG, Sawicki DL. Solubilization and immunoprecipitation of alphavirus replication complexes.. J Virol 1991 Mar;65(3):1496-506.
        pubmed: 1847467doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.3.1496-1506.1991google scholar: lookup
      25. den Boon JA, Snijder EJ, Chirnside ED, de Vries AA, Horzinek MC, Spaan WJ. Equine arteritis virus is not a togavirus but belongs to the coronaviruslike superfamily.. J Virol 1991 Jun;65(6):2910-20.
        pubmed: 1851863doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.6.2910-2920.1991google scholar: lookup
      26. Denison MR, Zoltick PW, Leibowitz JL, Pachuk CJ, Weiss SR. Identification of polypeptides encoded in open reading frame 1b of the putative polymerase gene of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus A59.. J Virol 1991 Jun;65(6):3076-82.
        pubmed: 2033667doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.6.3076-3082.1991google scholar: lookup
      27. Vennema H, Rijnbrand R, Heijnen L, Horzinek MC, Spaan WJ. Enhancement of the vaccinia virus/phage T7 RNA polymerase expression system using encephalomyocarditis virus 5'-untranslated region sequences.. Gene 1991 Dec 15;108(2):201-9.
        pubmed: 1660838doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90435-egoogle scholar: lookup
      28. Plagemann PG, Moennig V. Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, equine arteritis virus, and simian hemorrhagic fever virus: a new group of positive-strand RNA viruses.. Adv Virus Res 1992;41:99-192.
        pubmed: 1315480doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60036-6google scholar: lookup
      29. Denison MR, Zoltick PW, Hughes SA, Giangreco B, Olson AL, Perlman S, Leibowitz JL, Weiss SR. Intracellular processing of the N-terminal ORF 1a proteins of the coronavirus MHV-A59 requires multiple proteolytic events.. Virology 1992 Jul;189(1):274-84.
        pubmed: 1318604doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90703-rgoogle scholar: lookup
      30. de Vries AA, Chirnside ED, Horzinek MC, Rottier PJ. Structural proteins of equine arteritis virus.. J Virol 1992 Nov;66(11):6294-303.
        pubmed: 1328669doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.11.6294-6303.1992google scholar: lookup
      31. Kao CC, Quadt R, Hershberger RP, Ahlquist P. Brome mosaic virus RNA replication proteins 1a and 2a from a complex in vitro.. J Virol 1992 Nov;66(11):6322-9.
        pubmed: 1404594doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.11.6322-6329.1992google scholar: lookup
      32. Snijder EJ, Wassenaar AL, Spaan WJ. The 5' end of the equine arteritis virus replicase gene encodes a papainlike cysteine protease.. J Virol 1992 Dec;66(12):7040-8.
        pubmed: 1331507doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.12.7040-7048.1992google scholar: lookup
      33. Troxler M, Egger D, Pfister T, Bienz K. Intracellular localization of poliovirus RNA by in situ hybridization at the ultrastructural level using single-stranded riboprobes.. Virology 1992 Dec;191(2):687-97.
        pubmed: 1333118doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90244-jgoogle scholar: lookup
      34. Lemm JA, Rice CM. Roles of nonstructural polyproteins and cleavage products in regulating Sindbis virus RNA replication and transcription.. J Virol 1993 Apr;67(4):1916-26.
        pubmed: 8445717doi: 10.1128/JVI.67.4.1916-1926.1993google scholar: lookup
      35. Chen Z, Kuo L, Rowland RR, Even C, Faaberg KS, Plagemann PG. Sequences of 3' end of genome and of 5' end of open reading frame 1a of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus and common junction motifs between 5' leader and bodies of seven subgenomic mRNAs.. J Gen Virol 1993 Apr;74 ( Pt 4):643-59.
        pubmed: 8385693doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-4-643google scholar: lookup
      36. Godeny EK, Chen L, Kumar SN, Methven SL, Koonin EV, Brinton MA. Complete genomic sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV).. Virology 1993 Jun;194(2):585-96.
        pubmed: 8389075doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1298google scholar: lookup
      37. Meulenberg JJ, Hulst MM, de Meijer EJ, Moonen PL, den Besten A, de Kluyver EP, Wensvoort G, Moormann RJ. Lelystad virus, the causative agent of porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (PEARS), is related to LDV and EAV.. Virology 1993 Jan;192(1):62-72.
        pubmed: 8517032doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1008google scholar: lookup
      38. Herold J, Raabe T, Schelle-Prinz B, Siddell SG. Nucleotide sequence of the human coronavirus 229E RNA polymerase locus.. Virology 1993 Aug;195(2):680-91.
        pubmed: 8337838doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1419google scholar: lookup
      39. Baker SC, Yokomori K, Dong S, Carlisle R, Gorbalenya AE, Koonin EV, Lai MM. Identification of the catalytic sites of a papain-like cysteine proteinase of murine coronavirus.. J Virol 1993 Oct;67(10):6056-63.
        pubmed: 8396668doi: 10.1128/JVI.67.10.6056-6063.1993google scholar: lookup
      40. Snijder EJ, Horzinek MC. Toroviruses: replication, evolution and comparison with other members of the coronavirus-like superfamily.. J Gen Virol 1993 Nov;74 ( Pt 11):2305-16.
        pubmed: 8245847doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-11-2305google scholar: lookup
      41. Bonilla PJ, Gorbalenya AE, Weiss SR. Mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 RNA polymerase gene ORF 1a: heterogeneity among MHV strains.. Virology 1994 Feb;198(2):736-40.
        pubmed: 8291254doi: 10.1006/viro.1994.1088google scholar: lookup
      42. Dougherty WG, Semler BL. Expression of virus-encoded proteinases: functional and structural similarities with cellular enzymes.. Microbiol Rev 1993 Dec;57(4):781-822.
        pubmed: 8302216doi: 10.1128/mr.57.4.781-822.1993google scholar: lookup
      43. Shirako Y, Strauss JH. Regulation of Sindbis virus RNA replication: uncleaved P123 and nsP4 function in minus-strand RNA synthesis, whereas cleaved products from P123 are required for efficient plus-strand RNA synthesis.. J Virol 1994 Mar;68(3):1874-85.
        pubmed: 8107248doi: 10.1128/JVI.68.3.1874-1885.1994google scholar: lookup
      44. Jang SK, Kru00e4usslich HG, Nicklin MJ, Duke GM, Palmenberg AC, Wimmer E. A segment of the 5' nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA directs internal entry of ribosomes during in vitro translation.. J Virol 1988 Aug;62(8):2636-43.
        pubmed: 2839690doi: 10.1128/JVI.62.8.2636-2643.1988google scholar: lookup

      Citations

      This article has been cited 82 times.
      1. Zhang L, Pan Y, Xu Y, Zhang W, Ma W, Ibrahim YM, Werid GM, Zhang H, Xia C, Wei P, Chen H, Wang Y. Paraoxonase-1 Facilitates PRRSV Replication by Interacting with Viral Nonstructural Protein-9 and Inhibiting Type I Interferon Pathway.. Viruses 2022 May 31;14(6).
        doi: 10.3390/v14061203pubmed: 35746674google scholar: lookup
      2. Cook GM, Brown K, Shang P, Li Y, Soday L, Dinan AM, Tumescheit C, Mockett APA, Fang Y, Firth AE, Brierley I. Ribosome profiling of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus reveals novel features of viral gene expression.. Elife 2022 Feb 28;11.
        doi: 10.7554/eLife.75668pubmed: 35226596google scholar: lookup
      3. Xiong J, Cui X, Zhao K, Wang Q, Huang X, Li D, Yu F, Yang Y, Liu D, Tian Z, Cai X, An T. A Novel Motif in the 3'-UTR of PRRSV-2 Is Critical for Viral Multiplication and Contributes to Enhanced Replication Ability of Highly Pathogenic or L1 PRRSV.. Viruses 2022 Jan 18;14(2).
        doi: 10.3390/v14020166pubmed: 35215760google scholar: lookup
      4. Wen X, Ge X, Zhou L, Zhang Y, Guo X, Yang H. PRRSV Promotes MARC-145 Cells Entry Into S Phase of the Cell Cycle to Facilitate Viral Replication via Degradation of p21 by nsp11.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:642095.
        doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.642095pubmed: 33869322google scholar: lookup
      5. Patel A, Treffers EE, Meier M, Patel TR, Stetefeld J, Snijder EJ, Mark BL. Molecular characterization of the RNA-protein complex directing -2/-1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting during arterivirus replicase expression.. J Biol Chem 2020 Dec 25;295(52):17904-17921.
        doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA120.016105pubmed: 33127640google scholar: lookup
      6. Ogando NS, Dalebout TJ, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, Limpens RWAL, van der Meer Y, Caly L, Druce J, de Vries JJC, Kikkert M, Bu00e1rcena M, Sidorov I, Snijder EJ. SARS-coronavirus-2 replication in Vero E6 cells: replication kinetics, rapid adaptation and cytopathology.. J Gen Virol 2020 Sep;101(9):925-940.
        doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001453pubmed: 32568027google scholar: lookup
      7. Jiang Y, Li G, Yu L, Li L, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Tong W, Liu C, Gao F, Tong G. Genetic Diversity of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) From 1996 to 2017 in China.. Front Microbiol 2020;11:618.
        doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00618pubmed: 32390968google scholar: lookup
      8. de Vries AAF, Horzinek MC, Rottier PJM, de Groot RJ. The Genome Organization of the Nidovirales: Similarities and Differences between Arteri-, Toro-, and Coronaviruses.. Semin Virol 1997 Feb;8(1):33-47.
        doi: 10.1006/smvy.1997.0104pubmed: 32288441google scholar: lookup
      9. Zhou S, Ge X, Kong C, Liu T, Liu A, Gao P, Song J, Zhou L, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. Characterizing the PRRSV nsp2 Deubiquitinase Reveals Dispensability of Cis-Activity for Replication and a Link of nsp2 to Inflammation Induction.. Viruses 2019 Sep 26;11(10).
        doi: 10.3390/v11100896pubmed: 31561412google scholar: lookup
      10. de Wilde AH, Boomaars-van der Zanden AL, de Jong AWM, Bu00e1rcena M, Snijder EJ, Posthuma CC. Adaptive Mutations in Replicase Transmembrane Subunits Can Counteract Inhibition of Equine Arteritis Virus RNA Synthesis by Cyclophilin Inhibitors.. J Virol 2019 Sep 15;93(18).
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.00490-19pubmed: 31243130google scholar: lookup
      11. Chen J, Wang D, Sun Z, Gao L, Zhu X, Guo J, Xu S, Fang L, Li K, Xiao S. Arterivirus nsp4 Antagonizes Interferon Beta Production by Proteolytically Cleaving NEMO at Multiple Sites.. J Virol 2019 Jun 15;93(12).
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.00385-19pubmed: 30944180google scholar: lookup
      12. Liu Y, Hu Y, Chai Y, Liu L, Song J, Zhou S, Su J, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. Identification of Nonstructural Protein 8 as the N-Terminus of the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus.. Virol Sin 2018 Oct;33(5):429-439.
        doi: 10.1007/s12250-018-0054-xpubmed: 30353315google scholar: lookup
      13. Wang C, Zeng N, Liu S, Miao Q, Zhou L, Ge X, Han J, Guo X, Yang H. Interaction of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus proteins with SUMO-conjugating enzyme reveals the SUMOylation of nucleocapsid protein.. PLoS One 2017;12(12):e0189191.
        doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189191pubmed: 29236778google scholar: lookup
      14. Leng C, Zhang W, Zhang H, Kan Y, Yao L, Zhai H, Li M, Li Z, Liu C, An T, Peng J, Wang Q, Leng Y, Cai X, Tian Z, Tong G. ORF1a of highly pathogenic PRRS attenuated vaccine virus plays a key role in neutralizing antibody induction in piglets and virus neutralization in vitro.. Virol J 2017 Aug 22;14(1):159.
        doi: 10.1186/s12985-017-0825-2pubmed: 28830563google scholar: lookup
      15. Wang H, Liu R, Zhang W, Sun L, Ning Z, Ji F, Cui J, Zhang G. Identification of epitopes on nonstructural protein 7 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus recognized by monoclonal antibodies using phage-display technology.. Virus Genes 2017 Aug;53(4):623-635.
        doi: 10.1007/s11262-017-1472-9pubmed: 28597195google scholar: lookup
      16. van der Hoeven B, Oudshoorn D, Koster AJ, Snijder EJ, Kikkert M, Bu00e1rcena M. Biogenesis and architecture of arterivirus replication organelles.. Virus Res 2016 Jul 15;220:70-90.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.001pubmed: 27071852google scholar: lookup
      17. Steinbach F, Westcott DG, McGowan SL, Grierson SS, Frossard JP, Choudhury B. Re-emergence of a genetic outlier strain of equine arteritis virus: Impact on phylogeny.. Virus Res 2015 Apr 16;202:144-50.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.009pubmed: 25527462google scholar: lookup
      18. Han M, Yoo D. Modulation of innate immune signaling by nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) in the family Arteriviridae.. Virus Res 2014 Dec 19;194:100-9.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.09.007pubmed: 25262851google scholar: lookup
      19. Li Y, Zhou L, Zhang J, Ge X, Zhou R, Zheng H, Geng G, Guo X, Yang H. Nsp9 and Nsp10 contribute to the fatal virulence of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus emerging in China.. PLoS Pathog 2014 Jul;10(7):e1004216.
        doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004216pubmed: 24992286google scholar: lookup
      20. Go YY, Li Y, Chen Z, Han M, Yoo D, Fang Y, Balasuriya UB. Equine arteritis virus does not induce interferon production in equine endothelial cells: identification of nonstructural protein 1 as a main interferon antagonist.. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:420658.
        doi: 10.1155/2014/420658pubmed: 24967365google scholar: lookup
      21. Wang L, Zhang K, Lin H, Li W, Wen J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhong F. Preparation of North American type II PRRSV infectious clone expressing green fluorescent protein.. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:368581.
        doi: 10.1155/2014/368581pubmed: 24895571google scholar: lookup
      22. Li Y, Treffers EE, Napthine S, Tas A, Zhu L, Sun Z, Bell S, Mark BL, van Veelen PA, van Hemert MJ, Firth AE, Brierley I, Snijder EJ, Fang Y. Transactivation of programmed ribosomal frameshifting by a viral protein.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014 May 27;111(21):E2172-81.
        doi: 10.1073/pnas.1321930111pubmed: 24825891google scholar: lookup
      23. Zhou L, Yang X, Tian Y, Yin S, Geng G, Ge X, Guo X, Yang H. Genetic diversity analysis of genotype 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses emerging in recent years in China.. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:748068.
        doi: 10.1155/2014/748068pubmed: 24719885google scholar: lookup
      24. Yun SI, Lee YM. Overview: Replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.. J Microbiol 2013 Dec;51(6):711-23.
        doi: 10.1007/s12275-013-3431-zpubmed: 24385346google scholar: lookup
      25. Balasuriya UB, Go YY, MacLachlan NJ. Equine arteritis virus.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):93-122.
        doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.015pubmed: 23891306google scholar: lookup
      26. de Wilde AH, Raj VS, Oudshoorn D, Bestebroer TM, van Nieuwkoop S, Limpens RWAL, Posthuma CC, van der Meer Y, Bu00e1rcena M, Haagmans BL, Snijder EJ, van den Hoogen BG. MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited by cyclosporin A or interferon-u03b1 treatment.. J Gen Virol 2013 Aug;94(Pt 8):1749-1760.
        doi: 10.1099/vir.0.052910-0pubmed: 23620378google scholar: lookup
      27. Fang Y, Treffers EE, Li Y, Tas A, Sun Z, van der Meer Y, de Ru AH, van Veelen PA, Atkins JF, Snijder EJ, Firth AE. Efficient -2 frameshifting by mammalian ribosomes to synthesize an additional arterivirus protein.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 Oct 23;109(43):E2920-8.
        doi: 10.1073/pnas.1211145109pubmed: 23043113google scholar: lookup
      28. Fang Y, Fang L, Wang Y, Lei Y, Luo R, Wang D, Chen H, Xiao S. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 2 contributes to NF-u03baB activation.. Virol J 2012 Apr 30;9:83.
        doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-9-83pubmed: 22546080google scholar: lookup
      29. Tian D, Wei Z, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, Liu R, Tong G, Snijder EJ, Yuan S. Arterivirus minor envelope proteins are a major determinant of viral tropism in cell culture.. J Virol 2012 Apr;86(7):3701-12.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.06836-11pubmed: 22258262google scholar: lookup
      30. Sun Z, Li Y, Ransburgh R, Snijder EJ, Fang Y. Nonstructural protein 2 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus inhibits the antiviral function of interferon-stimulated gene 15.. J Virol 2012 Apr;86(7):3839-50.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.06466-11pubmed: 22258253google scholar: lookup
      31. Go YY, Snijder EJ, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UB. Characterization of equine humoral antibody response to the nonstructural proteins of equine arteritis virus.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011 Feb;18(2):268-79.
        doi: 10.1128/CVI.00444-10pubmed: 21147938google scholar: lookup
      32. Fang Y, Snijder EJ. The PRRSV replicase: exploring the multifunctionality of an intriguing set of nonstructural proteins.. Virus Res 2010 Dec;154(1-2):61-76.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.030pubmed: 20696193google scholar: lookup
      33. Faaberg KS, Kehrli ME Jr, Lager KM, Guo B, Han J. In vivo growth of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus engineered nsp2 deletion mutants.. Virus Res 2010 Dec;154(1-2):77-85.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.024pubmed: 20673840google scholar: lookup
      34. Yoo D, Song C, Sun Y, Du Y, Kim O, Liu HC. Modulation of host cell responses and evasion strategies for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.. Virus Res 2010 Dec;154(1-2):48-60.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.019pubmed: 20655963google scholar: lookup
      35. Song J, Shen D, Cui J, Zhao B. Accelerated evolution of PRRSV during recent outbreaks in China.. Virus Genes 2010 Oct;41(2):241-5.
        doi: 10.1007/s11262-010-0507-2pubmed: 20652733google scholar: lookup
      36. Sun Z, Chen Z, Lawson SR, Fang Y. The cysteine protease domain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nonstructural protein 2 possesses deubiquitinating and interferon antagonism functions.. J Virol 2010 Aug;84(15):7832-46.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.00217-10pubmed: 20504922google scholar: lookup
      37. Kim O, Sun Y, Lai FW, Song C, Yoo D. Modulation of type I interferon induction by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and degradation of CREB-binding protein by non-structural protein 1 in MARC-145 and HeLa cells.. Virology 2010 Jul 5;402(2):315-26.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.039pubmed: 20416917google scholar: lookup
      38. Han J, Rutherford MS, Faaberg KS. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nsp2 cysteine protease domain possesses both trans- and cis-cleavage activities.. J Virol 2009 Sep;83(18):9449-63.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.00834-09pubmed: 19587037google scholar: lookup
      39. Zhou L, Zhang J, Zeng J, Yin S, Li Y, Zheng L, Guo X, Ge X, Yang H. The 30-amino-acid deletion in the Nsp2 of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus emerging in China is not related to its virulence.. J Virol 2009 May;83(10):5156-67.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.02678-08pubmed: 19244318google scholar: lookup
      40. Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, Wassenaar AL, van der Meer Y, Snijder EJ. Production of monospecific rabbit antisera recognizing nidovirus proteins.. Methods Mol Biol 2008;454:205-26.
        doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-181-9_16pubmed: 19057875google scholar: lookup
      41. Posthuma CC, Pedersen KW, Lu Z, Joosten RG, Roos N, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, Snijder EJ. Formation of the arterivirus replication/transcription complex: a key role for nonstructural protein 3 in the remodeling of intracellular membranes.. J Virol 2008 May;82(9):4480-91.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.02756-07pubmed: 18305048google scholar: lookup
      42. Frias-Staheli N, Giannakopoulos NV, Kikkert M, Taylor SL, Bridgen A, Paragas J, Richt JA, Rowland RR, Schmaljohn CS, Lenschow DJ, Snijder EJ, Garcu00eda-Sastre A, Virgin HW 4th. Ovarian tumor domain-containing viral proteases evade ubiquitin- and ISG15-dependent innate immune responses.. Cell Host Microbe 2007 Dec 13;2(6):404-16.
        doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2007.09.014pubmed: 18078692google scholar: lookup
      43. Tijms MA, Nedialkova DD, Zevenhoven-Dobbe JC, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ. Arterivirus subgenomic mRNA synthesis and virion biogenesis depend on the multifunctional nsp1 autoprotease.. J Virol 2007 Oct;81(19):10496-505.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.00683-07pubmed: 17626105google scholar: lookup
      44. Fang Y, Rowland RR, Roof M, Lunney JK, Christopher-Hennings J, Nelson EA. A full-length cDNA infectious clone of North American type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: expression of green fluorescent protein in the Nsp2 region.. J Virol 2006 Dec;80(23):11447-55.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.01032-06pubmed: 16971421google scholar: lookup
      45. Snijder EJ, van der Meer Y, Zevenhoven-Dobbe J, Onderwater JJ, van der Meulen J, Koerten HK, Mommaas AM. Ultrastructure and origin of membrane vesicles associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication complex.. J Virol 2006 Jun;80(12):5927-40.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.02501-05pubmed: 16731931google scholar: lookup
      46. Smits SL, Snijder EJ, de Groot RJ. Characterization of a torovirus main proteinase.. J Virol 2006 Apr;80(8):4157-67.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.8.4157-4167.2006pubmed: 16571831google scholar: lookup
      47. van Aken D, Snijder EJ, Gorbalenya AE. Mutagenesis analysis of the nsp4 main proteinase reveals determinants of arterivirus replicase polyprotein autoprocessing.. J Virol 2006 Apr;80(7):3428-37.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.7.3428-3437.2006pubmed: 16537610google scholar: lookup
      48. van Aken D, Benckhuijsen WE, Drijfhout JW, Wassenaar AL, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ. Expression, purification, and in vitro activity of an arterivirus main proteinase.. Virus Res 2006 Sep;120(1-2):97-106.
        doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.01.025pubmed: 16527369google scholar: lookup
      49. van den Born E, Posthuma CC, Gultyaev AP, Snijder EJ. Discontinuous subgenomic RNA synthesis in arteriviruses is guided by an RNA hairpin structure located in the genomic leader region.. J Virol 2005 May;79(10):6312-24.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.10.6312-6324.2005pubmed: 15858015google scholar: lookup
      50. Ivanov KA, Thiel V, Dobbe JC, van der Meer Y, Snijder EJ, Ziebuhr J. Multiple enzymatic activities associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus helicase.. J Virol 2004 Jun;78(11):5619-32.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.11.5619-5632.2004pubmed: 15140959google scholar: lookup
      51. Ropp SL, Wees CE, Fang Y, Nelson EA, Rossow KD, Bien M, Arndt B, Preszler S, Steen P, Christopher-Hennings J, Collins JE, Benfield DA, Faaberg KS. Characterization of emerging European-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates in the United States.. J Virol 2004 Apr;78(7):3684-703.
        doi: 10.1128/jvi.78.7.3684-3703.2004pubmed: 15016889google scholar: lookup
      52. Wieringa R, De Vries AA, Post SM, Rottier PJ. Intra- and intermolecular disulfide bonds of the GP2b glycoprotein of equine arteritis virus: relevance for virus assembly and infectivity.. J Virol 2003 Dec;77(24):12996-3004.
        doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.24.12996-13004.2003pubmed: 14645556google scholar: lookup
      53. Bautista EM, Faaberg KS, Mickelson D, McGruder ED. Functional properties of the predicted helicase of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.. Virology 2002 Jul 5;298(2):258-70.
        doi: 10.1006/viro.2002.1495pubmed: 12127789google scholar: lookup
      54. Tijms MA, van Dinten LC, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ. A zinc finger-containing papain-like protease couples subgenomic mRNA synthesis to genome translation in a positive-stranded RNA virus.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001 Feb 13;98(4):1889-94.
        doi: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1889pubmed: 11172046google scholar: lookup
      55. Pasternak AO, Gultyaev AP, Spaan WJ, Snijder EJ. Genetic manipulation of arterivirus alternative mRNA leader-body junction sites reveals tight regulation of structural protein expression.. J Virol 2000 Dec;74(24):11642-53.
        doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.24.11642-11653.2000pubmed: 11090163google scholar: lookup
      56. Molenkamp R, Greve S, Spaan WJ, Snijder EJ. Efficient homologous RNA recombination and requirement for an open reading frame during replication of equine arteritis virus defective interfering RNAs.. J Virol 2000 Oct;74(19):9062-70.
        doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.19.9062-9070.2000pubmed: 10982351google scholar: lookup
      57. van Dinten LC, van Tol H, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ. The predicted metal-binding region of the arterivirus helicase protein is involved in subgenomic mRNA synthesis, genome replication, and virion biogenesis.. J Virol 2000 Jun;74(11):5213-23.
        doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.11.5213-5223.2000pubmed: 10799597google scholar: lookup
      58. Molenkamp R, Rozier BC, Greve S, Spaan WJ, Snijder EJ. Isolation and characterization of an arterivirus defective interfering RNA genome.. J Virol 2000 Apr;74(7):3156-65.
        doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.7.3156-3165.2000pubmed: 10708432google scholar: lookup
      59. Lim KP, Ng LF, Liu DX. Identification of a novel cleavage activity of the first papain-like proteinase domain encoded by open reading frame 1a of the coronavirus Avian infectious bronchitis virus and characterization of the cleavage products.. J Virol 2000 Feb;74(4):1674-85.
        doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.4.1674-1685.2000pubmed: 10644337google scholar: lookup
      60. van Marle G, Dobbe JC, Gultyaev AP, Luytjes W, Spaan WJ, Snijder EJ. Arterivirus discontinuous mRNA transcription is guided by base pairing between sense and antisense transcription-regulating sequences.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999 Oct 12;96(21):12056-61.
        doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.21.12056pubmed: 10518575google scholar: lookup
      61. van der Meer Y, Snijder EJ, Dobbe JC, Schleich S, Denison MR, Spaan WJ, Locker JK. Localization of mouse hepatitis virus nonstructural proteins and RNA synthesis indicates a role for late endosomes in viral replication.. J Virol 1999 Sep;73(9):7641-57.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.9.7641-7657.1999pubmed: 10438855google scholar: lookup
      62. Snijder EJ, van Tol H, Pedersen KW, Raamsman MJ, de Vries AA. Identification of a novel structural protein of arteriviruses.. J Virol 1999 Aug;73(8):6335-45.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.8.6335-6345.1999pubmed: 10400725google scholar: lookup
      63. van Marle G, van Dinten LC, Spaan WJ, Luytjes W, Snijder EJ. Characterization of an equine arteritis virus replicase mutant defective in subgenomic mRNA synthesis.. J Virol 1999 Jul;73(7):5274-81.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.7.5274-5281.1999pubmed: 10364273google scholar: lookup
      64. van Dinten LC, Rensen S, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ. Proteolytic processing of the open reading frame 1b-encoded part of arterivirus replicase is mediated by nsp4 serine protease and Is essential for virus replication.. J Virol 1999 Mar;73(3):2027-37.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.3.2027-2037.1999pubmed: 9971783google scholar: lookup
      65. Pedersen KW, van der Meer Y, Roos N, Snijder EJ. Open reading frame 1a-encoded subunits of the arterivirus replicase induce endoplasmic reticulum-derived double-membrane vesicles which carry the viral replication complex.. J Virol 1999 Mar;73(3):2016-26.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.3.2016-2026.1999pubmed: 9971782google scholar: lookup
      66. Nelsen CJ, Murtaugh MP, Faaberg KS. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus comparison: divergent evolution on two continents.. J Virol 1999 Jan;73(1):270-80.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.1.270-280.1999pubmed: 9847330google scholar: lookup
      67. Ziebuhr J, Siddell SG. Processing of the human coronavirus 229E replicase polyproteins by the virus-encoded 3C-like proteinase: identification of proteolytic products and cleavage sites common to pp1a and pp1ab.. J Virol 1999 Jan;73(1):177-85.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.1.177-185.1999pubmed: 9847320google scholar: lookup
      68. van der Meer Y, van Tol H, Locker JK, Snijder EJ. ORF1a-encoded replicase subunits are involved in the membrane association of the arterivirus replication complex.. J Virol 1998 Aug;72(8):6689-98.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.8.6689-6698.1998pubmed: 9658116google scholar: lookup
      69. Liu X, Ropp SL, Jackson RJ, Frey TK. The rubella virus nonstructural protease requires divalent cations for activity and functions in trans.. J Virol 1998 May;72(5):4463-6.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.5.4463-4466.1998pubmed: 9557742google scholar: lookup
      70. Schiller JJ, Kanjanahaluethai A, Baker SC. Processing of the coronavirus MHV-JHM polymerase polyprotein: identification of precursors and proteolytic products spanning 400 kilodaltons of ORF1a.. Virology 1998 Mar 15;242(2):288-302.
        doi: 10.1006/viro.1997.9010pubmed: 9514967google scholar: lookup
      71. Kheyar A, Martin S, St-Laurent G, Timoney PJ, McCollum WH, Archambault D. Expression cloning and humoral immune response to the nucleocapsid and membrane proteins of equine arteritis virus.. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997 Nov;4(6):648-52.
        doi: 10.1128/cdli.4.6.648-652.1997pubmed: 9384283google scholar: lookup
      72. Bos EC, Luytjes W, Spaan WJ. The function of the spike protein of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 can be studied on virus-like particles: cleavage is not required for infectivity.. J Virol 1997 Dec;71(12):9427-33.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.71.12.9427-9433.1997pubmed: 9371603google scholar: lookup
      73. Wassenaar AL, Spaan WJ, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ. Alternative proteolytic processing of the arterivirus replicase ORF1a polyprotein: evidence that NSP2 acts as a cofactor for the NSP4 serine protease.. J Virol 1997 Dec;71(12):9313-22.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.71.12.9313-9322.1997pubmed: 9371590google scholar: lookup
      74. Piu00f1u00f3n JD, Mayreddy RR, Turner JD, Khan FS, Bonilla PJ, Weiss SR. Efficient autoproteolytic processing of the MHV-A59 3C-like proteinase from the flanking hydrophobic domains requires membranes.. Virology 1997 Apr 14;230(2):309-22.
        doi: 10.1006/viro.1997.8503pubmed: 9143287google scholar: lookup
      75. van Dinten LC, den Boon JA, Wassenaar AL, Spaan WJ, Snijder EJ. An infectious arterivirus cDNA clone: identification of a replicase point mutation that abolishes discontinuous mRNA transcription.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 Feb 4;94(3):991-6.
        doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.3.991pubmed: 9023370google scholar: lookup
      76. St-Laurent G, Lepage N, Carman S, Archambault D. Genetic and amino acid analysis of the GL protein of Canadian, American and European equine arteritis virus isolates.. Can J Vet Res 1997 Jan;61(1):72-6.
        pubmed: 9008807
      77. Lepage N, St-Laurent G, Carman S, Archambault D. Comparison of nucleic and amino acid sequences and phylogenetic analysis of the Gs protein of various equine arteritis virus isolates.. Virus Genes 1996;13(1):87-91.
        doi: 10.1007/BF00576983pubmed: 8938984google scholar: lookup
      78. van Dinten LC, Wassenaar AL, Gorbalenya AE, Spaan WJ, Snijder EJ. Processing of the equine arteritis virus replicase ORF1b protein: identification of cleavage products containing the putative viral polymerase and helicase domains.. J Virol 1996 Oct;70(10):6625-33.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.70.10.6625-6633.1996pubmed: 8794297google scholar: lookup
      79. Faaberg KS, Plagemann PG. Membrane association of the C-terminal half of the open reading frame 1a protein of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus.. Arch Virol 1996;141(7):1337-48.
        doi: 10.1007/BF01718835pubmed: 8774692google scholar: lookup
      80. den Boon JA, Kleijnen MF, Spaan WJ, Snijder EJ. Equine arteritis virus subgenomic mRNA synthesis: analysis of leader-body junctions and replicative-form RNAs.. J Virol 1996 Jul;70(7):4291-8.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.70.7.4291-4298.1996pubmed: 8676451google scholar: lookup
      81. Plagemann PG, Rowland RR, Even C, Faaberg KS. Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus: an ideal persistent virus?. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1995;17(2-3):167-86.
        doi: 10.1007/BF00196164pubmed: 8571167google scholar: lookup
      82. den Boon JA, Faaberg KS, Meulenberg JJ, Wassenaar AL, Plagemann PG, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ. Processing and evolution of the N-terminal region of the arterivirus replicase ORF1a protein: identification of two papainlike cysteine proteases.. J Virol 1995 Jul;69(7):4500-5.
        doi: 10.1128/JVI.69.7.4500-4505.1995pubmed: 7769711google scholar: lookup

      Secure Payments

      PayPal Visa Mastercard American Express

      Satisfaction Guarantee

      We offer a 60-day guarantee to ensure you are completely satisfied.

      Fast & Free Shipping

      We provide fast and free shipping on all orders over $40.

      Use Nutrition Calculator
      Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
      Talk to a Nutritionist
      Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
      Submit Diet Evaluation
      Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists