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[Puncture wounds of the equine hoof – a retrospective study of 96 cases – Part 1: Prevalence, clinical findings and diagnostic investigations].

Abstract: Penetrating wounds of the hoof are common and potentially life-threatening injuries in equine veterinary practice. The aim of this study was the systematic data analysis of horses presenting to the clinic with a solar puncture wound.In this retrospective study, patient data from horses presented with a puncture wound to the hoof in the period from September 2008 to August 2024 were collected. The analyzed data covered signalment, intended use, and insurance status. The following were also considered: previous history including the period between injury and presentation to the clinic, affected limb, degree of lameness, location and type of foreign body, laboratory findings and diagnostic imaging findings.Ninety-six horses met the inclusion criteria. In 18/96 (18.8%) of the animals, the foreign body was still in place. Following hoof trimming, the puncture wound canal was located in 97.3% of the animals. In only 6/95 (6.3%) cases, the penetration site of the foreign body was located in the area of the sole. The dorsal region of the frog was affected in 37 (38.9%) cases, the central region in 17 (17.9%) cases, and the palmar/plantar region in 35 (36.8%) cases. Synovial involvement occurred to varying degrees in the frog area: 5 cases with injury to the dorsal frog region, 3 cases with penetration in the central frog region, and in 11 cases with involvement of the palmar/plantar frog region. Radiography was used in 86/96 (89.6%) cases. This imaging technique led to correct identification of involved structures in 82.6% (71/86) of cases. A MRI examination of the hoof region was only performed in 11/96 (11.5%) cases. Injuries involving the corium and digital cushion occurred in 36/95 (37.9%) cases. Forty (42.1%) horses had involvement of the distal phalanx and/or deep digital flexor tendon, and one or more synovial structures were affected in 19 (20%) animals.The predominant penetration site for puncture wounds of the foot is the frog region. Retaining the foreign body in place for referral is to be avoided, as hoof trimming exposes the puncture wound in the clinic even in its absence. A MRI examination is only necessary for diagnosis in exceptional cases. Der Nageltritt stellt eine in der tierärztlichen Praxis regelmäßig auftretende und potenziell lebensgefährliche Verletzung dar. Das Ziel der hier vorgestellten Studie war die systematische Datenanalyse von Pferden, die mit einem Nageltritt in der Klinik vorgestellt wurden.In einer retrospektiven Studie wurden Patientendaten von Pferden mit einem Nageltritt im Zeitraum von September 2008 bis August 2024 ausgewertet. In die Analyse wurden Daten zum Signalement, Verwendungszweck sowie Versicherungsstatus einbezogen. Weiterhin wurden betrachtet: Vorbericht, betroffene Gliedmaße, Lahmheitsgrad, Lokalisation und Art des Fremdkörpers, Laborbefunde und Befunde der bildgebenden Diagnostik.Sechsundneunzig Pferde erfüllten die Einschlusskriterien. Bei 18/96 (18,8%) der Tiere war der Fremdkörper noch vorhanden. Der Stichkanal konnte nach gründlichem Ausschneiden bei 97,3% der Tiere aufgefunden werden. Nur in 6/95 (6,3%) Fällen lag die Eintrittspforte des Fremdkörpers im Bereich des Sohlenkörpers. Der dorsale Bereich des Strahls war in 37 (38,9%) Fällen, der zentrale Bereich in 17 (17,9%) Fällen und der palmare/plantare Bereich in 35 (36,8%) Fällen betroffen. Im dorsalen Bereich kam es in 5 Fällen, im zentralen Bereich in 3 Fällen und im palmaren/plantaren Bereich des Strahls in 11 Fällen zu einer synovialen Beteiligung. Die Röntgendiagnostik fand bei 86/96 (89,6%) Anwendung. Die röntgenologische Untersuchung führte in 71/86 (82,6%) der Fälle zur richtigen Einschätzung der beteiligten Strukturen. Eine MRT-Untersuchung der Hufregion kam nur in 11/96 (11,5%) Fällen zur Anwendung. Verletzungen mit Beteiligung der Lederhaut sowie des Ballen- bzw. Strahlpolsters lagen in 36/95 (37,9%) Fällen vor. Vierzig (42,1%) Pferde hatten eine Beteiligung von Hufbein und/oder tiefer Beugesehne und bei 19 (20%) Tieren waren eine oder mehrere synoviale Strukturen betroffen.Die Eintrittspforte beim Nageltritt ist vor allem die Strahlregion. Das Belassen des Fremdkörpers im Heimatstall sollte vermieden werden, da sich der Stichkanal nach gründlichem Ausschneiden in der Klinik auffinden lässt. Die MRT-Untersuchung ist nur in Ausnahmefällen für eine Diagnosestellung notwendig.
Publication Date: 2026-04-01 PubMed ID: 41921941DOI: 10.1055/a-2794-3137Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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Overview

  • This study analyzed clinical data from 96 horses with penetrating hoof wounds, focusing on injury prevalence, clinical signs, and diagnostic methods used.
  • The research identified common wound locations, severity, diagnostic imaging effectiveness, and treatment recommendations in equine hoof puncture wounds.

Study Purpose and Design

  • The study aimed to systematically evaluate horses that presented with solar puncture wounds of the hoof.
  • It was a retrospective study reviewing cases from September 2008 to August 2024.
  • Data collected included demographics (signalment), horse use, insurance status, injury history, affected limb, lameness degree, foreign body details, lab tests, and imaging findings.
  • 96 horses met the inclusion criteria for analysis.

Prevalence and Foreign Body Details

  • 18.8% (18/96) of horses had the foreign body still lodged in the hoof at presentation.
  • After hoof trimming, the puncture wound canal could be identified in 97.3% of cases, even when the foreign body was absent.
  • The majority of puncture entry sites were located outside the sole area; only 6.3% (6/95) occurred there.

Locations of Puncture Wounds

  • The frog region of the hoof was the most common penetration site:
    • Dorsal frog region: 38.9% (37 cases)
    • Central frog region: 17.9% (17 cases)
    • Palmar/plantar frog region: 36.8% (35 cases)

Synovial Involvement

  • Synovial structure involvement varied by frog region injured:
    • Dorsal: 5 cases
    • Central: 3 cases
    • Palmar/plantar: 11 cases
  • Total 19 horses (20%) had synovial involvement, indicating potential infection of joint or tendon sheath structures.

Diagnostic Imaging Findings

  • Radiography (X-ray) was utilized in 89.6% (86/96) of cases.
  • X-rays provided correct identification of involved structures in 82.6% (71/86) of the cases.
  • MRI of the hoof region was rare, performed only in 11.5% (11/96) of cases.

Injury Extent and Involved Structures

  • Injuries frequently extended beyond the puncture site:
    • Corium (hoof dermis) and digital cushion injuries in 37.9% (36/95) of cases.
    • Involvement of the distal phalanx (coffin bone) and/or deep digital flexor tendon observed in 42.1% (40 horses).
    • Synovial structures affected in 20% (19 cases), indicating serious complications requiring prompt treatment.

Clinical Implications and Recommendations

  • The frog region is the predominant site for hoof puncture wounds, alerting clinicians to expect injuries here.
  • Leaving the foreign body in place prior to referral is discouraged since puncture canals can reliably be identified after hoof trimming in the clinic.
  • MRI, a more advanced imaging technique, is rarely necessary for diagnosis, reserved only for exceptional or unclear cases.
  • Early diagnosis and imaging help determine injury severity and guide appropriate treatment to reduce risk of infection and complications.

Cite This Article

APA
Herschel TL, Pelli A, Winter K, Scharner D. (2026). [Puncture wounds of the equine hoof – a retrospective study of 96 cases – Part 1: Prevalence, clinical findings and diagnostic investigations]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2794-3137

Publication

ISSN: 2567-5834
NlmUniqueID: 9715779
Country: Germany
Language: ger

Researcher Affiliations

Herschel, Tilda Leonore
  • Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig.
Pelli, Anna
  • Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig.
Winter, Karsten
  • Institut für Anatomie, Medizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig.
Scharner, Doreen
  • Klinik für Pferde, Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Die Autoren bestätigen, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Citations

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