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Equine veterinary journal2021; 54(1); 11-23; doi: 10.1111/evj.13512

Recent advancements in our understanding of equid gammaherpesvirus infections.

Abstract: Equid gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous and widespread in the equine population. Despite their frequent detection, their contribution to immune system modulation and the pathogenesis of several diseases remains unclear. Genetic variability and the combination of equid gammaherpesvirus strains a horse is infected with might be clinically significant. Initial gammaherpesvirus infection occurs in foals peripartum with latency then established in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A novel EHV-5 study suggests that following inhalation equid gammaherpesviruses might obtain direct access to T and B lymphocytes via the tonsillar crypts to establish latency. EHV-5 is associated with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, however, unlike with EHV-2 there is currently minimal evidence for its role in milder cases of respiratory disease and poor performance. Transmission is presumed to be via the upper respiratory tract with periodic reactivation of the latent virus in adult horses. Stress of transport has been identified as a risk factor for reactivation and shedding of equine gammaherpesviruses. There is currently a lack of evidence for the effectiveness of antiviral drugs in the treatment of equine gammaherpesvirus infections.
© 2021 EVJ Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2021-10-01 PubMed ID: 34519074DOI: 10.1111/evj.13512Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Equid gammaherpesviruses prevalent in horses across the world are now understood to play a role in modulating their immune system and contributing to diseases. Yet, more research is needed on the impact of genetic variability and combination of virus strains infecting a horse. A study suggests the transmission route could be through the respiratory tract, directly to T and B lymphocytes via tonsillar crypts. This research opens discussion on potential antiviral treatments and the influence of stress on virus reactivation and shedding.

Gammaherpesvirus Infections in Horses

  • Equid gammaherpesviruses are pervasive in the worldwide horse population.
  • While these viruses are frequently detected, their specific roles in modulating the immune system and the development of various equine diseases are not yet fully understood.

Genetic Variability and Strain Combination

  • The study highlights that the genetic variability of gammaherpesviruses, and the combination of different strains a horse is infected with, can have potentially significant clinical impacts.

Transmission and Latency

  • The initial infection of gammaherpesviruses happens peripartum in foals, after which latency is established in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
  • A pioneering study on EHV-5 indicates that, upon inhalation, equid gammaherpesviruses might directly access T and B lymphocyte cells through tonsillar crypts to establish latency.
  • EHV-5 is linked with equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF), but as it stands, there’s limited evidence suggesting its role in less severe respiratory diseases or poor performance.
  • The assumed mode of virus transmission is through the upper respiratory tract, with occasional reactivation of the latent virus in adult horses.

Stress-induced Reactivation and Virus Shedding

  • The research identified the stress of transportation as a risk factor for the reactivation and shedding of equine gammaherpesviruses.

Therapeutic Possibilities and Limitations

  • One significant finding includes the lack of evidence supporting the efficacy of antiviral drugs in the treatment of equine gammaherpesvirus infections.

Cite This Article

APA
Easton-Jones C. (2021). Recent advancements in our understanding of equid gammaherpesvirus infections. Equine Vet J, 54(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13512

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 54
Issue: 1
Pages: 11-23

Researcher Affiliations

Easton-Jones, Charlotte
  • Rossdales LLP, Newmarket, UK.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Gammaherpesvirinae / genetics
  • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid
  • Horse Diseases
  • Horses
  • Leukocytes, Mononuclear
  • Nose

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Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Miglinci L, Reicher P, Nell B, Koch M, Jindra C, Brandt S. Detection of Equine Papillomaviruses and Gamma-Herpesviruses in Equine Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pathogens 2023 Jan 23;12(2).
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  2. Acevedo HD, Hassebroek AM, Leventhal HR, Duhamel GE, Carvallo FR. Colonic T-cell-rich, large B-cell lymphoma associated with equid herpesvirus 5 infection and secondary trans-colonic fistula in a horse. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023 May;35(3):272-277.
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