FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) / Recrudescence of equine infectious anemia by treatment with ...
National Institute of Animal Health quarterly1976; 16(1); 8-15;

Recrudescence of equine infectious anemia by treatment with immunosuppressive drugs.

Abstract: Horses which had passed a few months to a few years asymptomatically after the last recurrence of equine infectious anemia (EIA) showed a typical febrile response after treatment with the immunosuppressive agent, dexamethasone (DM) or cyclophosphamide (CY). In horses showing a febrile response, EIA virus which had not been neutralized by neutralizing antibody previously produced was propagated. In DM-treated horses it disappeared from the blood soon after pyretolysis and antibody against the virus was produced promptly. In contrast, detectable viremia persisted in CY-treated horses for 10 to 84 days after pyretolysis. Antibody against the virus was barely produced for 42 to 126 days after treatment. After drug treatment, there was no decrease in neutralizing antibody previously produced. Then, it was inferred that this febrile response was due to propagation of an immunologically variant virus which might have been produced as a result of decline in cell-mediated immunity. The role of cellular mechanisms in the development of immunity to EIA was also discussed.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1976-01-01 PubMed ID: 177894
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates how the use of immunosuppressive drugs can lead to the return of equine infectious anemia in horses, despite the production of antibodies. The finding indicates that the suppressed immunity allows an immunologically variant virus to proliferate.

Overview of the Study

  • In this research, horses that were asymptomatic for several months to years post the last recurrence of equine infectious anemia (EIA) were treated with immunosuppressive drugs such as dexamethasone (DM) or cyclophosphamide (CY).
  • Following this treatment, these horses exhibited a typical febrile response, which is indicative of an EIA viral recurrence. This latency suggests that the virus had not been entirely neutralized by previously produced antibodies.

Analyzing the Effects of Dexamethasone (DM)

  • After DM treatment, the horses showed EIA in their blood. However, the virus disappeared shortly after pyretolysis (the process of reducing fever).
  • Prompt antibody production against the virus was observed, suggesting that the horses were able to mount an efficient immune response despite the immunosuppressant treatment.

Analyzing the Effects of Cyclophosphamide (CY)

  • On the other hand, horses treated with CY had prolonged viremia, as the virus persisted in their blood for 10 to 84 days after pyretolysis. This suggests a persistent infection despite fever reduction.
  • Additionally, antibody production against the virus was minimal for 42 to 126 days after CY treatment. This demonstrates a lower immune response, possibly due to the immunosuppressive nature of CY treatment.

Understanding the Febrile Response and Immune Mechanisms

  • Despite both drug treatments, there was no decrease in the previously produced neutralizing antibody. This suggests that the febrile response was a result of the propagation of a variant virus, whose production could be attributed to a decrease in cell-mediated immunity.
  • The study also highlights the importance of immune cellular mechanisms against EIA, indicating that these systems play a pivotal role in managing and controlling the infection.

Cite This Article

APA
Kono Y, Hirasawa K, Fukunaga Y, Taniguchi T. (1976). Recrudescence of equine infectious anemia by treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo), 16(1), 8-15.

Publication

National Institute of Animal Health quarterly
ISSN: 0027-951X
NlmUniqueID: 0413132
Country: Japan
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 8-15

Researcher Affiliations

Kono, Y
    Hirasawa, K
      Fukunaga, Y
        Taniguchi, T

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Antibodies, Viral / analysis
          • Cyclophosphamide / pharmacology
          • Dexamethasone / pharmacology
          • Equine Infectious Anemia / immunology
          • Equine Infectious Anemia / microbiology
          • Horses
          • Immunosuppressive Agents / pharmacology
          • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / immunology
          • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / isolation & purification

          Citations

          This article has been cited 34 times.
          1. Wang XF, Zhang X, Ma W, Li J, Wang X. Host cell restriction factors of equine infectious anemia virus. Virol Sin 2023 Aug;38(4):485-496.
            doi: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.001pubmed: 37419416google scholar: lookup
          2. Zhang X, Li J, Zhang M, Bai B, Ma W, Lin Y, Guo X, Wang XF, Wang X. A Novel, Fully Spliced, Accessory Gene in Equine Lentivirus with Distinct Rev-Responsive Element. J Virol 2022 Sep 28;96(18):e0098622.
            doi: 10.1128/jvi.00986-22pubmed: 36069548google scholar: lookup
          3. Liu Q, Ma J, Wang XF, Xiao F, Li LJ, Zhang JE, Lin YZ, Du C, He XJ, Wang X, Zhou JH. Infection with equine infectious anemia virus vaccine strain EIAVDLV121 causes no visible histopathological lesions in target organs in association with restricted viral replication and unique cytokine response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016 Feb;170:30-40.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.01.006pubmed: 26832985google scholar: lookup
          4. Liu Q, Wang XF, Ma J, He XJ, Wang XJ, Zhou JH. Characterization of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Integration in the Horse Genome. Viruses 2015 Jun 19;7(6):3241-60.
            doi: 10.3390/v7062769pubmed: 26102582google scholar: lookup
          5. Craigo JK, Ezzelarab C, Cook SJ, Liu C, Horohov D, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Protective efficacy of centralized and polyvalent envelope immunogens in an attenuated equine lentivirus vaccine. PLoS Pathog 2015 Jan;11(1):e1004610.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004610pubmed: 25569288google scholar: lookup
          6. Craigo JK, Montelaro RC. Lessons in AIDS vaccine development learned from studies of equine infectious, anemia virus infection and immunity. Viruses 2013 Dec 2;5(12):2963-76.
            doi: 10.3390/v5122963pubmed: 24316675google scholar: lookup
          7. Craigo JK, Ezzelarab C, Cook SJ, Chong L, Horohov D, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Envelope determinants of equine lentiviral vaccine protection. PLoS One 2013;8(6):e66093.
            doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066093pubmed: 23785473google scholar: lookup
          8. Craigo JK, Ezzelarab C, Montelaro RC. Development of a high throughput, semi-automated, infectious center cell-based ELISA for equine infectious anemia virus. J Virol Methods 2012 Nov;185(2):221-7.
            doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.07.007pubmed: 22820072google scholar: lookup
          9. Craigo JK, Barnes S, Cook SJ, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Divergence, not diversity of an attenuated equine lentivirus vaccine strain correlates with protection from disease. Vaccine 2010 Nov 29;28(51):8095-104.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.003pubmed: 20955830google scholar: lookup
          10. Craigo JK, Barnes S, Zhang B, Cook SJ, Howe L, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. An EIAV field isolate reveals much higher levels of subtype variability than currently reported for the equine lentivirus family. Retrovirology 2009 Oct 20;6:95.
            doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-95pubmed: 19843328google scholar: lookup
          11. Craigo JK, Zhang B, Barnes S, Tagmyer TL, Cook SJ, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Envelope variation as a primary determinant of lentiviral vaccine efficacy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007 Sep 18;104(38):15105-10.
            doi: 10.1073/pnas.0706449104pubmed: 17846425google scholar: lookup
          12. Mealey RH, Lee JH, Leib SR, Littke MH, McGuire TC. A single amino acid difference within the alpha-2 domain of two naturally occurring equine MHC class I molecules alters the recognition of Gag and Rev epitopes by equine infectious anemia virus-specific CTL. J Immunol 2006 Nov 15;177(10):7377-90.
            doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7377pubmed: 17082657google scholar: lookup
          13. Craigo JK, Durkin S, Sturgeon TJ, Tagmyer T, Cook SJ, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Immune suppression of challenged vaccinates as a rigorous assessment of sterile protection by lentiviral vaccines. Vaccine 2007 Jan 15;25(5):834-45.
            doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.040pubmed: 17023099google scholar: lookup
          14. Chung C, Mealey RH, McGuire TC. Evaluation of high functional avidity CTL to Gag epitope clusters in EIAV carrier horses. Virology 2005 Nov 25;342(2):228-39.
            doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.033pubmed: 16139857google scholar: lookup
          15. Fraser DG, Leib SR, Zhang BS, Mealey RH, Brown WC, McGuire TC. Lymphocyte proliferation responses induced to broadly reactive Th peptides did not protect against equine infectious anemia virus challenge. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005 Aug;12(8):983-93.
            doi: 10.1128/CDLI.12.8.983-993.2005pubmed: 16085917google scholar: lookup
          16. Sellon DC, Knowles DP, Greiner EC, Long MT, Hines MT, Hochstatter T, Tibary A, Dame JB. Infection of immunodeficient horses with Sarcocystis neurona does not result in neurologic disease. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2004 Nov;11(6):1134-9.
            doi: 10.1128/CDLI.11.6.1134-1139.2004pubmed: 15539518google scholar: lookup
          17. Baccam P, Thompson RJ, Li Y, Sparks WO, Belshan M, Dorman KS, Wannemuehler Y, Oaks JL, Cornette JL, Carpenter S. Subpopulations of equine infectious anemia virus Rev coexist in vivo and differ in phenotype. J Virol 2003 Nov;77(22):12122-31.
            doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.22.12122-12131.2003pubmed: 14581549google scholar: lookup
          18. Howe L, Leroux C, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Equine infectious anemia virus envelope evolution in vivo during persistent infection progressively increases resistance to in vitro serum antibody neutralization as a dominant phenotype. J Virol 2002 Nov;76(21):10588-97.
            doi: 10.1128/jvi.76.21.10588-10597.2002pubmed: 12368301google scholar: lookup
          19. Fraser DG, Oaks JL, Brown WC, McGuire TC. Identification of broadly recognized, T helper 1 lymphocyte epitopes in an equine lentivirus. Immunology 2002 Mar;105(3):295-305.
            doi: 10.1046/j.0019-2805.2001.01370.xpubmed: 11918691google scholar: lookup
          20. Miller RJ, Cairns JS, Bridges S, Sarver N. Human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS: insights from animal lentiviruses. J Virol 2000 Aug;74(16):7187-95.
            doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.16.7187-7195.2000pubmed: 10906172google scholar: lookup
          21. Hammond SA, Li F, McKeon BM Sr, Cook SJ, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Immune responses and viral replication in long-term inapparent carrier ponies inoculated with equine infectious anemia virus. J Virol 2000 Jul;74(13):5968-81.
            doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.13.5968-5981.2000pubmed: 10846078google scholar: lookup
          22. Harrold SM, Cook SJ, Cook RF, Rushlow KE, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Tissue sites of persistent infection and active replication of equine infectious anemia virus during acute disease and asymptomatic infection in experimentally infected equids. J Virol 2000 Apr;74(7):3112-21.
            doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.7.3112-3121.2000pubmed: 10708426google scholar: lookup
          23. Lonning SM, Zhang W, Leib SR, McGuire TC. Detection and induction of equine infectious anemia virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses by use of recombinant retroviral vectors. J Virol 1999 Apr;73(4):2762-9.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.4.2762-2769.1999pubmed: 10074123google scholar: lookup
          24. Zhang W, Lonning SM, McGuire TC. Gag protein epitopes recognized by ELA-A-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes from horses with long-term equine infectious anemia virus infection. J Virol 1998 Dec;72(12):9612-20.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.12.9612-9620.1998pubmed: 9811694google scholar: lookup
          25. Sellon DC, Walker KM, Russell KE, Perry ST, Covington P, Fuller FJ. Equine infectious anemia virus replication is upregulated during differentiation of blood monocytes from acutely infected horses. J Virol 1996 Jan;70(1):590-4.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.70.1.590-594.1996pubmed: 8523576google scholar: lookup
          26. Sellon DC. Equine infectious anemia. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993 Aug;9(2):321-36.
            doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30399-1pubmed: 8395326google scholar: lookup
          27. McGuire TC, Tumas DB, Byrne KM, Hines MT, Leib SR, Brassfield AL, O'Rourke KI, Perryman LE. Major histocompatibility complex-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes from horses with equine infectious anemia virus recognize Env and Gag/PR proteins. J Virol 1994 Mar;68(3):1459-67.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.68.3.1459-1467.1994pubmed: 8107209google scholar: lookup
          28. Sellon DC, Fuller FJ, McGuire TC. The immunopathogenesis of equine infectious anemia virus. Virus Res 1994 May;32(2):111-38.
            doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(94)90038-8pubmed: 8067050google scholar: lookup
          29. Kono Y. Antigenic variation of equine infectious anemia virus as detected by virus neutralization. Brief report. Arch Virol 1988;98(1-2):91-7.
            doi: 10.1007/BF01321009pubmed: 2829799google scholar: lookup
          30. Dorn P, DaSilva L, Martarano L, Derse D. Equine infectious anemia virus tat: insights into the structure, function, and evolution of lentivirus trans-activator proteins. J Virol 1990 Apr;64(4):1616-24.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.64.4.1616-1624.1990pubmed: 2157047google scholar: lookup
          31. Priel E, Showalter SD, Roberts M, Oroszlan S, Blair DG. The topoisomerase I inhibitor, camptothecin, inhibits equine infectious anemia virus replication in chronically infected CF2Th cells. J Virol 1991 Aug;65(8):4137-41.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.65.8.4137-4141.1991pubmed: 1649321google scholar: lookup
          32. Ball JM, Rushlow KE, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Detailed mapping of the antigenicity of the surface unit glycoprotein of equine infectious anemia virus by using synthetic peptide strategies. J Virol 1992 Feb;66(2):732-42.
            doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.2.732-742.1992pubmed: 1370556google scholar: lookup
          33. Carvelli A, Nardini R, Carnio A, Ricci I, Rosone F, Sala M, Simeoni S, Maccarone D, Scicluna MT. Equine Infectious Anaemia: The Active Surveillance of an Entire Equid Population Reduces the Occurrence of the Infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2024;2024:3439871.
            doi: 10.1155/2024/3439871pubmed: 40303092google scholar: lookup
          34. Schimmich C, Vabret A, Zientara S, Valle-Casuso JC. Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Cellular Partners Along the Viral Cycle. Viruses 2024 Dec 24;17(1).
            doi: 10.3390/v17010005pubmed: 39861793google scholar: lookup
          Subscribe to our newsletter
          Join 99,383 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.