Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Relationship between the presence of intrauterine fluid and cervical bacteria in heavy draft mares before and after mating.
Abstract: While intrauterine fluid (IUF) is observed as mucous in healthy mares during estrus, the presence of IUF during diestrus is an indicator of endometritis. Mating induces endometrial inflammation in healthy mares, called mating-induced endometritis, that disappears within 1-2 days after mating. On the other hand, it is also known that IUF remaining beyond 12 hr after mating can cause persistent inflammation, bacterial growth, and decreased fertility. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the presence of IUF and cervical bacteria before and after mating. Mares were classified into three groups based on the degree of IUF: Grade 1 (G1), neither IUF nor echogenic lines at the inner lining of the uterus; Grade 2 (G2), small amount of IUF (<0.5 cm in diameter) or an echogenic lines in the intrauterine cavity; and Grade 3 (G3), obvious IUF (≥0.5 cm in diameter). The positive culture rates of G1, G2, and G3 mares before mating were 15.8% (n=6/38), 25.9% (n=7/27), and 31.8% (n=14/44), respectively, and did not differ significantly between the groups. After mating, the positive culture rates of G1, G2, and G3 mares were 18.2% (n=2/11), 56.1% (n=23/41), and 72.3% (n=34/47), respectively. The positive culture rates were significantly higher in G2 (P<0.05) and G3 (P<0.01) mares compared with G1 mares. These results from after mating suggest that not only mares with obvious IUF but also those with a small amount of IUF (<0.5 cm in diameter) or echogenic lines in the intrauterine cavity are at risk of mating-induced endometritis.
©2019 The Japanese Society of Equine Science.
Publication Date: 2019-12-18 PubMed ID: 31871408PubMed Central: PMC6920059DOI: 10.1294/jes.30.75Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The study explores the connection between the presence of intrauterine fluid (IUF) and the presence of bacteria in the cervix of heavy draft mares before and after mating. The research identifies that not just mares with substantial IUF, but also those with a minor quantity of IUF or echogenic lines in the uterine cavity, face a higher risk of mating-induced endometritis.
Research Objectives and Methodology
- The study aims to understand the relationship between the presence of IUF and cervical bacteria in mares before and after mating. The key concern here is the risk of endometritis, an inflammation of the endometrium (lining of the uterus), which can affect fertility.
- The mares included in the research were classified into three categories based on the amount of IUF present: Grade 1 (neither IUF nor echogenic lines), Grade 2 (small IUF or echogenic lines), and Grade 3 (obvious IUF).
- The distinct classification helped in understanding the implications of different IUF amounts on the occurrence of endometritis after mating.
Findings of the Study
- Before mating, the rates of positive bacterial culture did not significantly vary across the three IUF groups. However, a subsequent measure after mating displayed a substantial difference in bacterial culture rates.
- The positive culture rates post-mating for G1, G2, and G3 mares were noted as 18.2%, 56.1%, and 72.3%, respectively. This shows a considerable increase for G2 and G3 mares, which had IUF or echogenic lines in the intrauterine cavity.
- The results point out that the presence of even a small amount of IUF or echogenic lines in the intrauterine cavity increase the risk of mating-induced endometritis.
Conclusion
- The study concludes that mares with even minimal intrauterine fluid or particular visual clues (echogenic lines) in their uterus have an increased risk of developing endometritis post-mating.
- This research provides valuable insights for managing and preventing endometritis in mares, contributing to efforts aimed at maintaining their reproductive health, and subsequently, their fertility.
Cite This Article
APA
Chiba A, Ujiie Y, Aoki T.
(2019).
Relationship between the presence of intrauterine fluid and cervical bacteria in heavy draft mares before and after mating.
J Equine Sci, 30(4), 75-79.
https://doi.org/10.1294/jes.30.75 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
References
This article includes 18 references
- Adams GP, Kastelic JP, Bergfelt DR, Ginther OJ. Effect of uterine inflammation and ultrasonically-detected uterine pathology on fertility in the mare.. J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 1987;35:445–454.
- Brinsko SP, Rigby SL, Varner DD, Blanchard TL. A practical method for recognizing mares susceptible to post-breeding endometritis.. Proc. Annual Convention of the Am. Assoc. Equine Prac. 2003;49:363−365.
- Burleson MD, LeBlanc MM, Riddle WT, Hendericks KEM. Endometrial microbial isolates are associated with different ultrasonographic and endometrial cytology findings in thoroughbred mares.. Proc. Annual Convention of the Am. Assoc. Equine Prac. 2010;56:317.
- Christoffersen M, Woodward E, Bojesen AM, Jacobsen S, Petersen MR, Troedsson MHT, Lehn-Jensen H. Inflammatory responses to induced infectious endometritis in mares resistant or susceptible to persistent endometritis.. BMC Vet. Res. 2012;8:41.
- Diel de Amorim M, Gartley CJ, Foster RA, Hill A, Scholtz EL, Hayes A, Chenier TS. Comparison of clinical signs, endometrial culture, endometrial cytology, uterine low-volume lavage, and uterine biopsy and combinations in the diagnosis of equine endometritis.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2016;44:54–61.
- Hinrichs K, Mummings MR, Sertich PL, Kenney RM. Bacteria recovered from the reproductive tracts of normal mares.. Proc. Annual Convention of the Am. Assoc. Equine Prac. 1990;35:11–16.
- Katila T. Uterine defence mechanisms in the mare.. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 1996;42:197–204.
- Katila T. Evaluation of diagnostic methods in equine endometritis.. Reprod. Biol. 2016;16:189–196.
- Knutti B, Pycock JF, Weijden GC, Küpfer U. The influence of early postbreeding uterine lavage on pregnancy rate in mares with intrauterine fluid accumulations after breeding.. Equine Vet. Educ. 2000;12:267–270.
- McCue PM, Scoggin CF, Lindholm AR. Estrus.. 2011;pp. 1716–1727. In: Equine Reproduction, 2nd ed. (McKinnon, A.O., Squires, E.L., Vaala, W.E., and Varner, D.D. eds.), Wiley-Blackwell, Ames..
- McKinnon AO, Squires EL, Shideler RK. Diagnostic ultrasonography of the mare’s reproductive tract.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1988;8:329–333.
- Pycock JF. How to maximize the chances of breeding successfully from the older maiden mare.. Proc. Annual Convention of the Am. Assoc. Equine Prac. 2006;52:245–249.
- Reilas T, Katila T, Mäkelä O, Huhtinen M, Koskinen E. Intrauterine fluid accumulation in oestrous mares.. Acta Vet. Scand. 1997;38:69–78.
- Troedsson MHT. Therapeutic considerations for mating-induced endometritis.. Pferdeheilkunde 1997;13:516–520.
- Troedsson MHT. Uterine clearance and resistance to persistent endometritis in the mare.. Theriogenology 1999;52:461–471.
- Watson ED. Post-breeding endometritis in the mare.. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2000;60–61:221–232.
- Watson ED, Barbacini S, Berrocal B, Sheerin O, Marchi V, Zavaglia G, Necchi D. Effect of insemination time of frozen semen on incidence of uterine fluid in mares.. Theriogenology 2001;56:123–131.
- Woodward EM, Christoffersen M, Campos J, Betancourt A, Horohov D, Scoggin KE, Squires EL, Troedsson MH. Endometrial inflammatory markers of the early immune response in mares susceptible or resistant to persistent breeding-induced endometritis.. Reproduction 2013;145:289–296.
Citations
This article has been cited 1 times.- Niikura T, Tsogtgerel M, Niikura C, Wada H, Kanzawa S, Fujiwara T, Nambo Y. Effect of prostaglandin F2(α) administration on uterine polymorphonuclear neutrophil counts in Japanese heavy draft horses. J Equine Sci 2021 Dec;32(4):117-124.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
