FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Virol / Replication in vitro and in vivo of an equine infectious ane...
Journal of virology1995; 69(5); 2881-2888; doi: 10.1128/JVI.69.5.2881-2888.1995

Replication in vitro and in vivo of an equine infectious anemia virus mutant deficient in dUTPase activity.

Abstract: As an important enzyme in DNA synthesis, dUTPase is present in a wide variety of organisms and viruses and has been identified as a component of the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) pol gene. The role of EIAV dUTPase, designated DU, in virus replication in vitro and in vivo was investigated with a recently described infectious molecular clone of EIAV. A deletion mutant that was deficient in dUTPase activity was constructed, and its replication kinetics was examined in fetal equine kidney (FEK) cells and primary equine bone marrow macrophage (EBMM) cells. In FEK cells, which are permissive for EIAV replication, the mutant virus replicated as well as the parental virus. In primary cultures of EBMM cells, which are primary targets of EIAV infection in vivo, the DU mutant showed delayed replication kinetics and replicated to a lower extent than did the parental virus. As the multiplicity of infection decreased, the difference between the parental and mutant viruses increased, such that at the lowest multiplicity of infection tested, there was over a 100-fold difference in virus production. The mutant virus was also much less cytopathic. The role of DU in replication in vivo was examined using a Shetland pony model of EIAV infection. Shetland ponies that were infected with the parental and mutant viruses showed transient virus RNA levels in plasma approximately 5 to 10 days postinfection. The peak virus levels in plasma (as measured by a quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay) were 10- to 100-fold lower in the mutant virus-infected animals than in the animals infected with the parental virus. However, ponies infected with the mutant virus mounted similar antibody responses despite the marked differences in virus replication. These studies demonstrate that EIAV DU is important for the efficient replication of the virus in macrophages in vitro and in vivo and suggests that variations in the DU sequence could markedly affect the biological and pathogenic properties of EIAV.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1995-05-01 PubMed ID: 7707512PubMed Central: PMC188985DOI: 10.1128/JVI.69.5.2881-2888.1995Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper investigates the role of the enzyme dUTPase in the replication process of the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), using a specially constructed deletion mutant deficient in dUTPase activity. They conducted the research both in vitro and in vivo, using fetal equine kidney (FEK) cells, primary equine bone marrow macrophage (EBMM) cells and Shetland ponies. The EIAV dUTPase, also known as DU, was found to be essential to efficient virus replication, especially in macrophages.

Role and Importance of dUTPase

  • dUTPase is a crucial enzyme in DNA synthesis commonly found in a vast array of organisms and viruses, including EIAV.
  • It is a component of the EIAV pol gene. The study focused on scrutinizing the role of this enzyme, DU, as it pertains to virus replication both in vitro (lab-based) and in vivo (live organisms).

Research Methodology

  • An EIAV mutant lacking dUTPase activity was created for the purpose of this research.
  • The replication process of this mutant virus was then observed in FEK cells and EBMM cells.
  • FEK cells are known for their permissiveness towards EIAV replication. The mutant virus showed similar replication rates to the original EIAV in these cells.
  • EBMM cells, which are the primary targets of EIAV infection in living organisms, showed a different pattern. The lack of DU resulted in delayed replication kinetics and a lower extent of replication compared to the original virus, with the differences growing as the multiplicity of infection decreased.

In Vivo Examination

  • The in vivo aspect of the research used a Shetland pony model of EIAV infection.
  • The plasma of ponies infected with both the parental and mutant viruses showed transient virus RNA levels approximately 5 to 10 days after infection.
  • However, the peak virus levels in the Shetland ponies infected with the mutant virus were significantly lower (10- to 100-fold) than their counterparts infected with the original virus.
  • Interestingly, both groups of ponies exhibited similar antibody responses, despite the marked differences in virus replication.

Conclusion

  • This research provides insight into the crucial role the EIAV DU plays for efficient virus replication, particularly in macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo.
  • The findings suggest that any variations in the DU sequence could significantly influence the biological and pathogenic characteristics of EIAV.

Cite This Article

APA
Lichtenstein DL, Rushlow KE, Cook RF, Raabe ML, Swardson CJ, Kociba GJ, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. (1995). Replication in vitro and in vivo of an equine infectious anemia virus mutant deficient in dUTPase activity. J Virol, 69(5), 2881-2888. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.69.5.2881-2888.1995

Publication

Journal of virology
ISSN: 0022-538X
NlmUniqueID: 0113724
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 69
Issue: 5
Pages: 2881-2888

Researcher Affiliations

Lichtenstein, D L
  • Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
Rushlow, K E
    Cook, R F
      Raabe, M L
        Swardson, C J
          Kociba, G J
            Issel, C J
              Montelaro, R C

                MeSH Terms

                • Amino Acid Sequence
                • Animals
                • Antibodies, Viral / biosynthesis
                • Base Sequence
                • Cell Line
                • Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral / genetics
                • Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral / physiology
                • DNA Primers / genetics
                • DNA, Viral / genetics
                • Equine Infectious Anemia / virology
                • Gene Deletion
                • Genes, pol
                • Horses
                • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / enzymology
                • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / genetics
                • Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine / physiology
                • Molecular Sequence Data
                • Polymerase Chain Reaction
                • Pyrophosphatases / deficiency
                • Pyrophosphatases / genetics
                • RNA, Viral / blood
                • RNA, Viral / genetics
                • Virus Replication / genetics
                • Virus Replication / physiology

                Grant Funding

                • AI 25850 / NIAID NIH HHS
                • CA 49296 / NCI NIH HHS

                References

                This article includes 55 references
                1. Vertessy BG, Zalud P, Nyman PO, Zeppezauer M. Identification of tyrosine as a functional residue in the active site of Escherichia coli dUTPase.. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994 Mar 16;1205(1):146-50.
                  pubmed: 8142479doi: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)90103-1google scholar: lookup
                2. Shlomai J, Kornberg A. Deoxyuridine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli. Purification, properties, and use as a reagent to reduce uracil incorporation into DNA.. J Biol Chem 1978 May 10;253(9):3305-12.
                  pubmed: 346589
                3. Williams MV, Cheng Y. Human deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase. Purification and characterization of the deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase from acute lymphocytic leukemia.. J Biol Chem 1979 Apr 25;254(8):2897-901.
                  pubmed: 285077
                4. Hokari S, Sakagishi Y, Tsukada K. Enhanced activity of deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphatase in regenerating rat liver.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982 Sep 16;108(1):95-101.
                  pubmed: 6128977doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)91836-8google scholar: lookup
                5. Spector R, Boose B. Development and regional distribution of deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphatase in rabbit brain.. J Neurochem 1983 Oct;41(4):1192-5.
                  pubmed: 6137516doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb09073.xgoogle scholar: lookup
                6. Richards RG, Sowers LC, Laszlo J, Sedwick WD. The occurrence and consequences of deoxyuridine in DNA.. Adv Enzyme Regul 1984;22:157-85.
                  pubmed: 6147963doi: 10.1016/0065-2571(84)90013-xgoogle scholar: lookup
                7. Fisher FB, Preston VG. Isolation and characterisation of herpes simplex virus type 1 mutants which fail to induce dUTPase activity.. Virology 1986 Jan 15;148(1):190-7.
                  pubmed: 3002029doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90414-9google scholar: lookup
                8. Fisher AG, Ratner L, Mitsuya H, Marselle LM, Harper ME, Broder S, Gallo RC, Wong-Staal F. Infectious mutants of HTLV-III with changes in the 3' region and markedly reduced cytopathic effects.. Science 1986 Aug 8;233(4764):655-9.
                  pubmed: 3014663doi: 10.1126/science.3014663google scholar: lookup
                9. Goulian M, Bleile BM, Dickey LM, Grafstrom RH, Ingraham HA, Neynaber SA, Peterson MS, Tseng BY. Mechanism of thymineless death.. Adv Exp Med Biol 1986;195 Pt B:89-95.
                  pubmed: 3020930doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1248-2_15google scholar: lookup
                10. Terwilliger E, Sodroski JG, Rosen CA, Haseltine WA. Effects of mutations within the 3' orf open reading frame region of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) on replication and cytopathogenicity.. J Virol 1986 Nov;60(2):754-60.
                  pubmed: 3490583doi: 10.1128/JVI.60.2.754-760.1986google scholar: lookup
                11. Giroir LE, Deutsch WA. Drosophila deoxyuridine triphosphatase. Purification and characterization.. J Biol Chem 1987 Jan 5;262(1):130-4.
                  pubmed: 3025197
                12. Payne SL, Fang FD, Liu CP, Dhruva BR, Rwambo P, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Antigenic variation and lentivirus persistence: variations in envelope gene sequences during EIAV infection resemble changes reported for sequential isolates of HIV.. Virology 1987 Dec;161(2):321-31.
                  pubmed: 2825406doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90124-3google scholar: lookup
                13. el-Hajj HH, Zhang H, Weiss B. Lethality of a dut (deoxyuridine triphosphatase) mutation in Escherichia coli.. J Bacteriol 1988 Mar;170(3):1069-75.
                  pubmed: 2830228doi: 10.1128/jb.170.3.1069-1075.1988google scholar: lookup
                14. Williams MV. Herpes simplex virus-induced dUTPase: target site for antiviral chemotherapy.. Virology 1988 Sep;166(1):262-4.
                  pubmed: 2842952doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90171-7google scholar: lookup
                15. Perno CF, Yarchoan R, Cooney DA, Hartman NR, Gartner S, Popovic M, Hao Z, Gerrard TL, Wilson YA, Johns DG. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1/HTLV-IIIBa-L) replication in fresh and cultured human peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages by azidothymidine and related 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides.. J Exp Med 1988 Sep 1;168(3):1111-25.
                  pubmed: 2844951doi: 10.1084/jem.168.3.1111google scholar: lookup
                16. Payne SL, Rushlow K, Dhruva BR, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Localization of conserved and variable antigenic domains of equine infectious anemia virus envelope glycoproteins using recombinant env-encoded protein fragments produced in Escherichia coli.. Virology 1989 Oct;172(2):609-15.
                  pubmed: 2552661doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90203-1google scholar: lookup
                17. Mercer AA, Fraser KM, Stockwell PA, Robinson AJ. A homologue of retroviral pseudoproteases in the parapoxvirus, orf virus.. Virology 1989 Oct;172(2):665-8.
                  pubmed: 2678731doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90212-2google scholar: lookup
                18. Hokari S, Takizawa A, Tanaka M, Sakagishi Y. Calf thymus deoxyuridine triphosphatase differs from rat spleen enzyme in molecular disposition.. Biochem Int 1989 Sep;19(3):453-61.
                  pubmed: 2554912
                19. Kim S, Ikeuchi K, Byrn R, Groopman J, Baltimore D. Lack of a negative influence on viral growth by the nef gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989 Dec;86(23):9544-8.
                  pubmed: 2687883doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.23.9544google scholar: lookup
                20. Hammes SR, Dixon EP, Malim MH, Cullen BR, Greene WC. Nef protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: evidence against its role as a transcriptional inhibitor.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989 Dec;86(23):9549-53.
                  pubmed: 2687884doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.23.9549google scholar: lookup
                21. Pardo EG, Gutiérrez C. Cell cycle- and differentiation stage-dependent variation of dUTPase activity in higher plant cells.. Exp Cell Res 1990 Jan;186(1):90-8.
                  pubmed: 2153555doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(90)90214-ugoogle scholar: lookup
                22. Dorn P, DaSilva L, Martarano L, Derse D. Equine infectious anemia virus tat: insights into the structure, function, and evolution of lentivirus trans-activator proteins.. J Virol 1990 Apr;64(4):1616-24.
                  pubmed: 2157047doi: 10.1128/JVI.64.4.1616-1624.1990google scholar: lookup
                23. Noiman S, Gazit A, Tori O, Sherman L, Miki T, Tronick SR, Yaniv A. Identification of sequences encoding the equine infectious anemia virus tat gene.. Virology 1990 May;176(1):280-8.
                  pubmed: 2158694doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90254-ogoogle scholar: lookup
                24. Focher F, Mazzarello P, Verri A, Hübscher U, Spadari S. Activity profiles of enzymes that control the uracil incorporation into DNA during neuronal development.. Mutat Res 1990 Mar;237(2):65-73.
                  pubmed: 1694967doi: 10.1016/0921-8734(90)90012-ggoogle scholar: lookup
                25. McGeoch DJ. Protein sequence comparisons show that the 'pseudoproteases' encoded by poxviruses and certain retroviruses belong to the deoxyuridine triphosphatase family.. Nucleic Acids Res 1990 Jul 25;18(14):4105-10.
                  pubmed: 2165588doi: 10.1093/nar/18.14.4105google scholar: lookup
                26. Robinson JE, Holton D, Liu J, McMurdo H, Murciano A, Gohd R. A novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins based on immobilization of viral glycoproteins in microtiter wells coated with concanavalin A.. J Immunol Methods 1990 Aug 28;132(1):63-71.
                  pubmed: 2202766doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(90)90399-ggoogle scholar: lookup
                27. Lirette R, Caradonna S. Inhibition of phosphorylation of cellular dUTP nucleotidohydrolase as a consequence of herpes simplex virus infection.. J Cell Biochem 1990 Aug;43(4):339-53.
                  pubmed: 2168898doi: 10.1002/jcb.240430406google scholar: lookup
                28. Shibata R, Adachi A, Sakai H, Ishimoto A, Miura T, Hayami M. Mutational analysis of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys and human immunodeficiency virus type 2.. J Med Primatol 1990;19(3-4):217-25.
                  pubmed: 2231682
                29. Kestler HW 3rd, Mori K, Silva DP, Kodama T, King NW, Daniel MD, Desrosiers RC. Nef genes of SIV.. J Med Primatol 1990;19(3-4):421-9.
                  pubmed: 2231693
                30. Terai C, Carson DA. Pyrimidine nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis in human monocytes and macrophages.. Exp Cell Res 1991 Apr;193(2):375-81.
                  pubmed: 1706277doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(91)90110-ggoogle scholar: lookup
                31. Curtin NJ, Harris AL, Aherne GW. Mechanism of cell death following thymidylate synthase inhibition: 2'-deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate accumulation, DNA damage, and growth inhibition following exposure to CB3717 and dipyridamole.. Cancer Res 1991 May 1;51(9):2346-52.
                  pubmed: 2015598
                32. Kestler HW 3rd, Ringler DJ, Mori K, Panicali DL, Sehgal PK, Daniel MD, Desrosiers RC. Importance of the nef gene for maintenance of high virus loads and for development of AIDS.. Cell 1991 May 17;65(4):651-62.
                  pubmed: 2032289doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90097-igoogle scholar: lookup
                33. Ball JM, Rushlow KE, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Detailed mapping of the antigenicity of the surface unit glycoprotein of equine infectious anemia virus by using synthetic peptide strategies.. J Virol 1992 Feb;66(2):732-42.
                  pubmed: 1370556doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.2.732-742.1992google scholar: lookup
                34. Elder JH, Lerner DL, Hasselkus-Light CS, Fontenot DJ, Hunter E, Luciw PA, Montelaro RC, Phillips TR. Distinct subsets of retroviruses encode dUTPase.. J Virol 1992 Mar;66(3):1791-4.
                  pubmed: 1310783doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.3.1791-1794.1992google scholar: lookup
                35. Pri-Hadash A, Hareven D, Lifschitz E. A meristem-related gene from tomato encodes a dUTPase: analysis of expression in vegetative and floral meristems.. Plant Cell 1992 Feb;4(2):149-59.
                  pubmed: 1321683doi: 10.1105/tpc.4.2.149google scholar: lookup
                36. Swardson CJ, Kociba GJ, Perryman LE. Effects of equine infectious anemia virus on hematopoietic progenitors in vitro.. Am J Vet Res 1992 Jul;53(7):1176-9.
                  pubmed: 1323227
                37. Pyles RB, Sawtell NM, Thompson RL. Herpes simplex virus type 1 dUTPase mutants are attenuated for neurovirulence, neuroinvasiveness, and reactivation from latency.. J Virol 1992 Nov;66(11):6706-13.
                  pubmed: 1328686doi: 10.1128/JVI.66.11.6706-6713.1992google scholar: lookup
                38. Daniel MD, Kirchhoff F, Czajak SC, Sehgal PK, Desrosiers RC. Protective effects of a live attenuated SIV vaccine with a deletion in the nef gene.. Science 1992 Dec 18;258(5090):1938-41.
                  pubmed: 1470917doi: 10.1126/science.1470917google scholar: lookup
                39. Threadgill DS, Steagall WK, Flaherty MT, Fuller FJ, Perry ST, Rushlow KE, Le Grice SF, Payne SL. Characterization of equine infectious anemia virus dUTPase: growth properties of a dUTPase-deficient mutant.. J Virol 1993 May;67(5):2592-600.
                  pubmed: 8386267doi: 10.1128/JVI.67.5.2592-2600.1993google scholar: lookup
                40. Strahler JR, Zhu XX, Hora N, Wang YK, Andrews PC, Roseman NA, Neel JV, Turka L, Hanash SM. Maturation stage and proliferation-dependent expression of dUTPase in human T cells.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993 Jun 1;90(11):4991-5.
                  pubmed: 8389461doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.11.4991google scholar: lookup
                41. Broyles SS. Vaccinia virus encodes a functional dUTPase.. Virology 1993 Aug;195(2):863-5.
                  pubmed: 8393252doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1446google scholar: lookup
                42. Wagaman PC, Hasselkus-Light CS, Henson M, Lerner DL, Phillips TR, Elder JH. Molecular cloning and characterization of deoxyuridine triphosphatase from feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV).. Virology 1993 Oct;196(2):451-7.
                  pubmed: 8396797doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1501google scholar: lookup
                43. Canman CE, Lawrence TS, Shewach DS, Tang HY, Maybaum J. Resistance to fluorodeoxyuridine-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity correlates with an elevation of deoxyuridine triphosphatase activity and failure to accumulate deoxyuridine triphosphate.. Cancer Res 1993 Nov 1;53(21):5219-24.
                  pubmed: 8221659
                44. Gadsden MH, McIntosh EM, Game JC, Wilson PJ, Haynes RH. dUTP pyrophosphatase is an essential enzyme in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.. EMBO J 1993 Nov;12(11):4425-31.
                  pubmed: 8223452doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06127.xgoogle scholar: lookup
                45. Doignon F, Biteau N, Aigle M, Crouzet M. The complete sequence of a 6794 bp segment located on the right arm of chromosome II of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Finding of a putative dUTPase in a yeast.. Yeast 1993 Oct;9(10):1131-7.
                  pubmed: 8256522doi: 10.1002/yea.320091014google scholar: lookup
                46. O'Brien WA, Namazi A, Kalhor H, Mao SH, Zack JA, Chen IS. Kinetics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcription in blood mononuclear phagocytes are slowed by limitations of nucleotide precursors.. J Virol 1994 Feb;68(2):1258-63.
                  pubmed: 7507180doi: 10.1128/JVI.68.2.1258-1263.1994google scholar: lookup
                47. Payne SL, Rausch J, Rushlow K, Montelaro RC, Issel C, Flaherty M, Perry S, Sellon D, Fuller F. Characterization of infectious molecular clones of equine infectious anaemia virus.. J Gen Virol 1994 Feb;75 ( Pt 2):425-9.
                  pubmed: 8113766doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-2-425google scholar: lookup
                48. Goulaouic H, Subra F, Mouscadet JF, Carteau S, Auclair C. Exogenous nucleosides promote the completion of MoMLV DNA synthesis in G0-arrested Balb c/3T3 fibroblasts.. Virology 1994 Apr;200(1):87-97.
                  pubmed: 7510441doi: 10.1006/viro.1994.1166google scholar: lookup
                49. Köppe B, Menéndez-Arias L, Oroszlan S. Expression and purification of the mouse mammary tumor virus gag-pro transframe protein p30 and characterization of its dUTPase activity.. J Virol 1994 Apr;68(4):2313-9.
                  pubmed: 8139016doi: 10.1128/JVI.68.4.2313-2319.1994google scholar: lookup
                50. Jamieson BD, Aldrovandi GM, Planelles V, Jowett JB, Gao L, Bloch LM, Chen IS, Zack JA. Requirement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef for in vivo replication and pathogenicity.. J Virol 1994 Jun;68(6):3478-85.
                  pubmed: 8189487doi: 10.1128/JVI.68.6.3478-3485.1994google scholar: lookup
                51. Bergman AC, Björnberg O, Nord J, Nyman PO, Rosengren AM. The protein p30, encoded at the gag-pro junction of mouse mammary tumor virus, is a dUTPase fused with a nucleocapsid protein.. Virology 1994 Oct;204(1):420-4.
                  pubmed: 8091672doi: 10.1006/viro.1994.1547google scholar: lookup
                52. GREENBERG GR, SOMERVILLE RL. Deoxyuridylate kinase activity and deoxyuridinetriphosphatase in Escherichia coli.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1962 Feb;48(2):247-57.
                  pubmed: 13901467doi: 10.1073/pnas.48.2.247google scholar: lookup
                53. Tye BK, Nyman PO, Lehman IR, Hochhauser S, Weiss B. Transient accumulation of Okazaki fragments as a result of uracil incorporation into nascent DNA.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977 Jan;74(1):154-7.
                  pubmed: 319455doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.1.154google scholar: lookup
                54. Tye BK, Lehman IR. Excision repair of uracil incorporated in DNA as a result of a defect in dUTPase.. J Mol Biol 1977 Dec 5;117(2):293-306.
                  pubmed: 342701doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90128-0google scholar: lookup
                55. Martarano L, Stephens R, Rice N, Derse D. Equine infectious anemia virus trans-regulatory protein Rev controls viral mRNA stability, accumulation, and alternative splicing.. J Virol 1994 May;68(5):3102-11.
                  pubmed: 8151775doi: 10.1128/JVI.68.5.3102-3111.1994google scholar: lookup

                Citations

                This article has been cited 41 times.
                1. Munis AM. Gene Therapy Applications of Non-Human Lentiviral Vectors.. Viruses 2020 Sep 29;12(10).
                  doi: 10.3390/v12101106pubmed: 33003635google scholar: lookup
                2. Meshesha M, Esadze A, Cui J, Churgulia N, Sahu SK, Stivers JT. Deficient uracil base excision repair leads to persistent dUMP in HIV proviruses during infection of monocytes and macrophages.. PLoS One 2020;15(7):e0235012.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235012pubmed: 32663205google scholar: lookup
                3. Li G, Wang C, Yang M, Cao L, Fu D, Liu X, Sun D, Chen C, Wang Y, Jia Z, Yang C, Guo Y, Rao Z. Structural Insight into African Swine Fever Virus dUTPase Reveals a Novel Folding Pattern in the dUTPase Family.. J Virol 2020 Jan 31;94(4).
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.01698-19pubmed: 31748385google scholar: lookup
                4. Guan X, Zhang Y, Yu M, Ren C, Gao Y, Yun B, Liu Y, Wang Y, Qi X, Liu C, Cui H, Zhang Y, Gao L, Li K, Pan Q, Zhang B, Wang X, Gao Y. Residues 28 to 39 of the Extracellular Loop 1 of Chicken Na(+)/H(+) Exchanger Type I Mediate Cell Binding and Entry of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus.. J Virol 2018 Jan 1;92(1).
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.01627-17pubmed: 29070685google scholar: lookup
                5. Hansen EC, Ransom M, Hesselberth JR, Hosmane NN, Capoferri AA, Bruner KM, Pollack RA, Zhang H, Drummond MB, Siliciano JM, Siliciano R, Stivers JT. Diverse fates of uracilated HIV-1 DNA during infection of myeloid lineage cells.. Elife 2016 Sep 20;5.
                  doi: 10.7554/eLife.18447pubmed: 27644592google scholar: lookup
                6. Hizi A, Herzig E. dUTPase: the frequently overlooked enzyme encoded by many retroviruses.. Retrovirology 2015 Aug 12;12:70.
                  doi: 10.1186/s12977-015-0198-9pubmed: 26259899google scholar: lookup
                7. Voronin N, Herzig E, Hizi A. The dUTPase-related gene of bovine immunodeficiency virus is critical for viral replication, despite the lack of dUTPase activity of the encoded protein.. Retrovirology 2014 Aug 12;11:60.
                  doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-60pubmed: 25117862google scholar: lookup
                8. Craigo JK, Ezzelarab C, Cook SJ, Chong L, Horohov D, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Envelope determinants of equine lentiviral vaccine protection.. PLoS One 2013;8(6):e66093.
                  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066093pubmed: 23785473google scholar: lookup
                9. Weil AF, Ghosh D, Zhou Y, Seiple L, McMahon MA, Spivak AM, Siliciano RF, Stivers JT. Uracil DNA glycosylase initiates degradation of HIV-1 cDNA containing misincorporated dUTP and prevents viral integration.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 Feb 5;110(6):E448-57.
                  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219702110pubmed: 23341616google scholar: lookup
                10. Yan N, O'Day E, Wheeler LA, Engelman A, Lieberman J. HIV DNA is heavily uracilated, which protects it from autointegration.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 May 31;108(22):9244-9.
                  doi: 10.1073/pnas.1102943108pubmed: 21576478google scholar: lookup
                11. Qi X, Wang X, Wang S, Lin Y, Jiang C, Ma J, Zhao L, Lv X, Shen R, Wang F, Kong X, Su Z, Zhou J. Genomic analysis of an effective lentiviral vaccine-attenuated equine infectious anemia virus vaccine EIAV FDDV13.. Virus Genes 2010 Aug;41(1):86-98.
                  doi: 10.1007/s11262-010-0491-6pubmed: 20526660google scholar: lookup
                12. Covaleda L, Fuller FJ, Payne SL. EIAV S2 enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine response in infected macrophages.. Virology 2010 Feb 5;397(1):217-23.
                  doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.005pubmed: 19945727google scholar: lookup
                13. Craigo JK, Barnes S, Zhang B, Cook SJ, Howe L, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. An EIAV field isolate reveals much higher levels of subtype variability than currently reported for the equine lentivirus family.. Retrovirology 2009 Oct 20;6:95.
                  doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-95pubmed: 19843328google scholar: lookup
                14. Zhang B, Montelaro RC. Replication of equine infectious anemia virus in engineered mouse NIH 3T3 cells.. J Virol 2009 Feb;83(4):2034-7.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.01883-08pubmed: 19073738google scholar: lookup
                15. De Silva FS, Moss B. Effects of vaccinia virus uracil DNA glycosylase catalytic site and deoxyuridine triphosphatase deletion mutations individually and together on replication in active and quiescent cells and pathogenesis in mice.. Virol J 2008 Dec 2;5:145.
                  doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-5-145pubmed: 19055736google scholar: lookup
                16. Sire J, Quérat G, Esnault C, Priet S. Uracil within DNA: an actor of antiviral immunity.. Retrovirology 2008 Jun 5;5:45.
                  doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-45pubmed: 18533995google scholar: lookup
                17. Zhang B, Sun C, Jin S, Cascio M, Montelaro RC. Mapping of equine lentivirus receptor 1 residues critical for equine infectious anemia virus envelope binding.. J Virol 2008 Feb;82(3):1204-13.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.01393-07pubmed: 18032504google scholar: lookup
                18. Craigo JK, Li F, Steckbeck JD, Durkin S, Howe L, Cook SJ, Issel C, Montelaro RC. Discerning an effective balance between equine infectious anemia virus attenuation and vaccine efficacy.. J Virol 2005 Mar;79(5):2666-77.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.5.2666-2677.2005pubmed: 15708986google scholar: lookup
                19. Chen C, Weisz OA, Stolz DB, Watkins SC, Montelaro RC. Differential effects of actin cytoskeleton dynamics on equine infectious anemia virus particle production.. J Virol 2004 Jan;78(2):882-91.
                  doi: 10.1128/jvi.78.2.882-891.2004pubmed: 14694119google scholar: lookup
                20. Chen C, Montelaro RC. Characterization of RNA elements that regulate gag-pol ribosomal frameshifting in equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 2003 Oct;77(19):10280-7.
                  doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.19.10280-10287.2003pubmed: 12970412google scholar: lookup
                21. Li F, Craigo JK, Howe L, Steckbeck JD, Cook S, Issel C, Montelaro RC. A live attenuated equine infectious anemia virus proviral vaccine with a modified S2 gene provides protection from detectable infection by intravenous virulent virus challenge of experimentally inoculated horses.. J Virol 2003 Jul;77(13):7244-53.
                  doi: 10.1128/jvi.77.13.7244-7253.2003pubmed: 12805423google scholar: lookup
                22. Li F, Chen C, Puffer BA, Montelaro RC. Functional replacement and positional dependence of homologous and heterologous L domains in equine infectious anemia virus replication.. J Virol 2002 Feb;76(4):1569-77.
                  doi: 10.1128/jvi.76.4.1569-1577.2002pubmed: 11799151google scholar: lookup
                23. Chen C, Li F, Montelaro RC. Functional roles of equine infectious anemia virus Gag p9 in viral budding and infection.. J Virol 2001 Oct;75(20):9762-70.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.75.20.9762-9770.2001pubmed: 11559809google scholar: lookup
                24. Miller RJ, Cairns JS, Bridges S, Sarver N. Human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS: insights from animal lentiviruses.. J Virol 2000 Aug;74(16):7187-95.
                  doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.16.7187-7195.2000pubmed: 10906172google scholar: lookup
                25. Mansky LM, Preveral S, Selig L, Benarous R, Benichou S. The interaction of vpr with uracil DNA glycosylase modulates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 In vivo mutation rate.. J Virol 2000 Aug;74(15):7039-47.
                  doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.15.7039-7047.2000pubmed: 10888643google scholar: lookup
                26. Hammond SA, Li F, McKeon BM Sr, Cook SJ, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Immune responses and viral replication in long-term inapparent carrier ponies inoculated with equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 2000 Jul;74(13):5968-81.
                  doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.13.5968-5981.2000pubmed: 10846078google scholar: lookup
                27. Harrold SM, Cook SJ, Cook RF, Rushlow KE, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Tissue sites of persistent infection and active replication of equine infectious anemia virus during acute disease and asymptomatic infection in experimentally infected equids.. J Virol 2000 Apr;74(7):3112-21.
                  doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.7.3112-3121.2000pubmed: 10708426google scholar: lookup
                28. Li F, Leroux C, Craigo JK, Cook SJ, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. The S2 gene of equine infectious anemia virus is a highly conserved determinant of viral replication and virulence properties in experimentally infected ponies.. J Virol 2000 Jan;74(1):573-9.
                  doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.1.573-579.2000pubmed: 10590152google scholar: lookup
                29. Oliveros M, García-Escudero R, Alejo A, Viñuela E, Salas ML, Salas J. African swine fever virus dUTPase is a highly specific enzyme required for efficient replication in swine macrophages.. J Virol 1999 Nov;73(11):8934-43.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.11.8934-8943.1999pubmed: 10515998google scholar: lookup
                30. Baldo AM, McClure MA. Evolution and horizontal transfer of dUTPase-encoding genes in viruses and their hosts.. J Virol 1999 Sep;73(9):7710-21.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.9.7710-7721.1999pubmed: 10438861google scholar: lookup
                31. Li F, Puffer BA, Montelaro RC. The S2 gene of equine infectious anemia virus is dispensable for viral replication in vitro.. J Virol 1998 Oct;72(10):8344-8.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.10.8344-8348.1998pubmed: 9733881google scholar: lookup
                32. Harmache A, Vitu C, Guiguen F, Russo P, Bertoni G, Pepin M, Vigne R, Suzan M. Priming with tat-deleted caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) proviral DNA or live virus protects goats from challenge with pathogenic CAEV.. J Virol 1998 Aug;72(8):6796-804.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.8.6796-6804.1998pubmed: 9658128google scholar: lookup
                33. Sleigh R, Sharkey M, Newman MA, Hahn B, Stevenson M. Differential association of uracil DNA glycosylase with SIVSM Vpr and Vpx proteins.. Virology 1998 Jun 5;245(2):338-43.
                  doi: 10.1006/viro.1998.9159pubmed: 9636373google scholar: lookup
                34. Pétursson G, Turelli P, Matthíasdóttir S, Georgsson G, Andrésson OS, Torsteinsdóttir S, Vigne R, Andrésdóttir V, Gunnarsson E, Agnarsdóttir G, Quérat G. Visna virus dUTPase is dispensable for neuropathogenicity.. J Virol 1998 Feb;72(2):1657-61.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.2.1657-1661.1998pubmed: 9445073google scholar: lookup
                35. Cook RF, Leroux C, Cook SJ, Berger SL, Lichtenstein DL, Ghabrial NN, Montelaro RC, Issel CJ. Development and characterization of an in vivo pathogenic molecular clone of equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1998 Feb;72(2):1383-93.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.72.2.1383-1393.1998pubmed: 9445039google scholar: lookup
                36. Camacho A, Arrebola R, Peña-Diaz J, Ruiz-Pérez LM, González-Pacanowska D. Description of a novel eukaryotic deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase in Leishmania major.. Biochem J 1997 Jul 15;325 ( Pt 2)(Pt 2):441-7.
                  doi: 10.1042/bj3250441pubmed: 9230126google scholar: lookup
                37. Maury W, Perryman S, Oaks JL, Seid BK, Crawford T, McGuire T, Carpenter S. Localized sequence heterogeneity in the long terminal repeats of in vivo isolates of equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1997 Jul;71(7):4929-37.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.71.7.4929-4937.1997pubmed: 9188555google scholar: lookup
                38. Turelli P, Guiguen F, Mornex JF, Vigne R, Quérat G. dUTPase-minus caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is attenuated for pathogenesis and accumulates G-to-A substitutions.. J Virol 1997 Jun;71(6):4522-30.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.71.6.4522-4530.1997pubmed: 9151845google scholar: lookup
                39. Hammond SA, Cook SJ, Lichtenstein DL, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Maturation of the cellular and humoral immune responses to persistent infection in horses by equine infectious anemia virus is a complex and lengthy process.. J Virol 1997 May;71(5):3840-52.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.71.5.3840-3852.1997pubmed: 9094660google scholar: lookup
                40. Lichtenstein DL, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Genomic quasispecies associated with the initiation of infection and disease in ponies experimentally infected with equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 1996 Jun;70(6):3346-54.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.70.6.3346-3354.1996pubmed: 8648664google scholar: lookup
                41. Turelli P, Pétursson G, Guiguen F, Mornex JF, Vigne R, Quérat G. Replication properties of dUTPase-deficient mutants of caprine and ovine lentiviruses.. J Virol 1996 Feb;70(2):1213-7.
                  doi: 10.1128/JVI.70.2.1213-1217.1996pubmed: 8551582google scholar: lookup
                Subscribe to our newsletter
                Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.