FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Osteoarthritis and cartilage open2022; 4(2); 100261; doi: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100261

Reporting of anaesthesia and pain management in preclinical large animal models of articular cartilage repair – A long way to go.

Abstract: Animal models continue to be used to investigate cartilage repair strategies. Adequate anaesthesia and pain management are essential in order to guarantee acceptable animal welfare as well as reproducible experimental results. This systematic review evaluates reporting of anaesthesia and pain management in surgical large animal models (horse, pig, dog, goat and sheep) of (osteo)chondral repair. Manuscripts published between 2015 and 2020 were included after a comprehensive search strategy. Data were evaluated using descriptive statistics and qualitative review. Out of 223 eligible studies, 220 studies contained incomplete information on anaesthetic and pain management. Pre-, intra- and post-operative analgesia were not mentioned in 68%, 94%, and 64% of manuscripts respectively. A total of 176 studies reported that animals underwent general anaesthesia during surgery. Surprisingly, 30% of these articles did not provide any detail on anaesthetic management, while 37% reported using inhalant, hypnotic or sedative drugs only, without mention of analgesics. Pain monitoring was not reported in 87% of manuscripts. The vast majority of preclinical large animal studies on cartilage repair did not meet veterinary clinical standards for anaesthesia and analgesia, and failed to report according to the ARRIVE international guidelines. In light of serious welfare, ethical and translational validity concerns, improvement is urgently needed.
© 2022 The Authors.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-04-17 PubMed ID: 36475287PubMed Central: PMC9718186DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100261Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This article examines the reported use of anesthesia and pain management in large animal models during research on articular cartilage repair. In many cases, the studies didn’t provide complete information on how pain was managed during and after surgeries, reflecting a need for improvement in both welfare and reporting practices.

Objective of the Study

  • The study aims to analyze the use and reporting of anaesthesia and pain management in preclinical trials involving surgical large animal models (including horses, pigs, dogs, goats, and sheep) for cartilage repair.

Methods

  • The researcher carried out a systematic review of articles published from 2015 to 2020, obtained via a comprehensive search strategy.
  • The data acquired were analyzed using both descriptive statistics and qualitative review methods.

Findings

  • Of the 223 relevant studies identified, 220 provided incomplete information on anaesthetic and pain management procedures.
  • The information about pre-, intra-, and post-operative analgesia was absent in a significant number of manuscripts— 68%, 94%, and 64% respectively.
  • Although 176 studies mentioned the use of general anaesthesia during surgeries, in 30% of reports, precise details on anaesthetic management were missing.
  • In 37% of these studies, the use of inhalant, hypnotic, or sedative drugs was mentioned, but without any reference to analgesics, which are critical for pain management.
  • Pain monitoring procedures were not reported in 87% of the studied manuscripts.

Conclusion

  • The study concludes that a significant proportion of research involving preclinical large animal models for cartilage repair does not meet veterinary clinical standards in terms of anaesthesia and analgesia. These results reveal a considerable discrepancy in the alignment with the ARRIVE (Animals in Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments) international guidelines.
  • In order to address welfare, ethical, and validity concerns, the researchers suggest a need for substantial and urgent improvements in pain management and anesthesia protocols in this field of research.

Cite This Article

APA
Fugazzola MC, Wever KE, van de Lest C, de Grauw J, Salvatori D. (2022). Reporting of anaesthesia and pain management in preclinical large animal models of articular cartilage repair – A long way to go. Osteoarthr Cartil Open, 4(2), 100261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100261

Publication

Osteoarthritis and cartilage open
ISSN: 2665-9131
NlmUniqueID: 101767068
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 4
Issue: 2
Pages: 100261
PII: 100261

Researcher Affiliations

Fugazzola, Maria C
  • Department of Equine Sciences, Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Wever, Kimberley E
  • Radboud Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
van de Lest, Chris
  • Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
de Grauw, Janny
  • Department of Equine Sciences, Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Salvatori, Daniela
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have no competing interest to declare.

References

This article includes 40 references
  1. Taylor K, Alvarez LR. An Estimate of the Number of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes Worldwide in 2015.. Altern Lab Anim 2019 Nov-Dec;47(5-6):196-213.
    pubmed: 32090616doi: 10.1177/0261192919899853google scholar: lookup
  2. Env - Environment D.D. THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL COM; 2019. REPORT FROM. (2020)16/F1 - EN.
  3. Klets O, Mononen ME, Tanska P, Nieminen MT, Korhonen RK, Saarakkala S. Comparison of different material models of articular cartilage in 3D computational modeling of the knee: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI).. J Biomech 2016 Dec 8;49(16):3891-3900.
    pmc: PMC5653924pubmed: 27825602doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.10.025google scholar: lookup
  4. Mukherjee S, Nazemi M, Jonkers I, Geris L. Use of Computational Modeling to Study Joint Degeneration: A Review.. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020;8:93.
    pmc: PMC7058554pubmed: 32185167doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00093google scholar: lookup
  5. Meinert C, Schrobback K, Hutmacher DW, Klein TJ. A novel bioreactor system for biaxial mechanical loading enhances the properties of tissue-engineered human cartilage.. Sci Rep 2017 Dec 5;7(1):16997.
    pmc: PMC5717235pubmed: 29208903doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16523-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  6. Cook JL, Hung CT, Kuroki K, Stoker AM, Cook CR, Pfeiffer FM, Sherman SL, Stannard JP. Animal models of cartilage repair.. Bone Joint Res 2014;3(4):89-94.
    pmc: PMC3974069pubmed: 24695750doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.34.2000238google scholar: lookup
  7. Hurtig MB, Buschmann MD, Fortier LA, Hoemann CD, Hunziker EB, Jurvelin JS, Mainil-Varlet P, McIlwraith CW, Sah RL, Whiteside RA. Preclinical Studies for Cartilage Repair: Recommendations from the International Cartilage Repair Society.. Cartilage 2011 Apr;2(2):137-52.
    pmc: PMC4300779pubmed: 26069576doi: 10.1177/1947603511401905google scholar: lookup
  8. Lo Monaco M, Merckx G, Ratajczak J, Gervois P, Hilkens P, Clegg P, Bronckaers A, Vandeweerd JM, Lambrichts I. Stem Cells for Cartilage Repair: Preclinical Studies and Insights in Translational Animal Models and Outcome Measures.. Stem Cells Int 2018;2018:9079538.
    pmc: PMC5832141pubmed: 29535784doi: 10.1155/2018/9079538google scholar: lookup
  9. Dias IR, Viegas CA, Carvalho PP. Large Animal Models for Osteochondral Regeneration.. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018;1059:441-501.
    pubmed: 29736586doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-76735-2_20google scholar: lookup
  10. Goebel L, Gao L, Madry H. Animal models in cartilage repair. Cartilage 2017;pp. 189–206.
  11. McGuire L, Heffner K, Glaser R, Needleman B, Malarkey W, Dickinson S, Lemeshow S, Cook C, Muscarella P, Melvin WS, Ellison EC, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Pain and wound healing in surgical patients.. Ann Behav Med 2006 Apr;31(2):165-72.
    pubmed: 16542131doi: 10.1207/s15324796abm3102_8google scholar: lookup
  12. Carbone L, Austin J. Pain and Laboratory Animals: Publication Practices for Better Data Reproducibility and Better Animal Welfare.. PLoS One 2016;11(5):e0155001.
    pmc: PMC4865140pubmed: 27171143doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155001google scholar: lookup
  13. Gouin JP, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. The impact of psychological stress on wound healing: methods and mechanisms.. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2011 Feb;31(1):81-93.
    pmc: PMC3052954pubmed: 21094925doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2010.09.010google scholar: lookup
  14. Jirkof P. Side effects of pain and analgesia in animal experimentation.. Lab Anim (NY) 2017 Mar 22;46(4):123-128.
    pubmed: 28328895doi: 10.1038/laban.1216google scholar: lookup
  15. . Guidance for the description of animal research in scientific publications. 2011.
  16. Percie du Sert N, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A, Cuthill IC, Dirnagl U, Emerson M, Garner P, Holgate ST, Howells DW, Hurst V, Karp NA, Lazic SE, Lidster K, MacCallum CJ, Macleod M, Pearl EJ, Petersen OH, Rawle F, Reynolds P, Rooney K, Sena ES, Silberberg SD, Steckler T, Würbel H. Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0.. PLoS Biol 2020 Jul;18(7):e3000411.
    pmc: PMC7360025pubmed: 32663221doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000411google scholar: lookup
  17. Uhlig C, Krause H, Koch T, Gama de Abreu M, Spieth PM. Anesthesia and Monitoring in Small Laboratory Mammals Used in Anesthesiology, Respiratory and Critical Care Research: A Systematic Review on the Current Reporting in Top-10 Impact Factor Ranked Journals.. PLoS One 2015;10(8):e0134205.
    pmc: PMC4549323pubmed: 26305700doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134205google scholar: lookup
  18. Zhao B, Jiang Y, Zhang T, Shang Z, Zhang W, Hu K, Chen F, Mei F, Gao Q, Zhao L, Kwong JSW, Ma B. Quality of interventional animal experiments in Chinese journals: compliance with ARRIVE guidelines.. BMC Vet Res 2020 Nov 26;16(1):460.
    pmc: PMC7690085pubmed: 33243206doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02664-1google scholar: lookup
  19. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, Shekelle P, Stewart LA. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement.. Syst Rev 2015 Jan 1;4(1):1.
    pmc: PMC4320440pubmed: 25554246doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1google scholar: lookup
  20. Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews.. Syst Rev 2016 Dec 5;5(1):210.
    pmc: PMC5139140pubmed: 27919275doi: 10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4google scholar: lookup
  21. Grubb T, Sager J, Gaynor JS, Montgomery E, Parker JA, Shafford H, Tearney C. 2020 AAHA Anesthesia and Monitoring Guidelines for Dogs and Cats.. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2020 Mar Apr;56(2):59-82.
    pubmed: 32078360doi: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7055google scholar: lookup
  22. Williams JM, Lin YJ, Loftus JP, Faleiros RR, Peroni JF, Hubbell JA, Ravis WR, Belknap JK. Effect of intravenous lidocaine administration on laminar inflammation in the black walnut extract model of laminitis.. Equine Vet J 2010 Apr;42(3):261-9.
    pubmed: 20486984doi: 10.2746/042516409x475760google scholar: lookup
  23. Grimm K A., Lamont L A., Tranquilli W J. 2015. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia 5th Edition of Lumb and Jones; pp. 658–662. 123–124; 199–203.
  24. Madry H, van Dijk CN, Mueller-Gerbl M. The basic science of the subchondral bone.. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010 Apr;18(4):419-33.
    pubmed: 20119671doi: 10.1007/s00167-010-1054-zgoogle scholar: lookup
  25. SAMUEL EP. The autonomic and somatic innervation of the articular capsule.. Anat Rec 1952 May;113(1):53-70.
    pubmed: 14924262doi: 10.1002/ar.1091130104google scholar: lookup
  26. Tracey WD Jr. Nociception.. Curr Biol 2017 Feb 20;27(4):R129-R133.
    pubmed: 28222285doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.037google scholar: lookup
  27. Flecknell P. Analgesia from a veterinary perspective.. Br J Anaesth 2008 Jul;101(1):121-4.
    pubmed: 18424804doi: 10.1093/bja/aen087google scholar: lookup
  28. Merchant R, Chartrand D, Dain S, Dobson G, Kurrek M, Lagacé A, Stacey S, Thiessen B. Guidelines to the practice of anesthesia revised edition 2013.. Can J Anaesth 2013 Jan;60(1):60-84.
    pubmed: 23264010doi: 10.1007/s12630-012-9820-7google scholar: lookup
  29. Chen YK, Boden KA, Schreiber KL. The role of regional anaesthesia and multimodal analgesia in the prevention of chronic postoperative pain: a narrative review.. Anaesthesia 2021 Jan;76 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):8-17.
    pmc: PMC8369227pubmed: 33426669doi: 10.1111/anae.15256google scholar: lookup
  30. Wu CC, Shih CH. A small effect of weight bearing in promoting fracture healing.. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1992;112(1):28-32.
    pubmed: 1482615doi: 10.1007/bf00431040google scholar: lookup
  31. Kubiak EN, Beebe MJ, North K, Hitchcock R, Potter MQ. Early weight bearing after lower extremity fractures in adults.. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2013 Dec;21(12):727-38.
    pubmed: 24292929doi: 10.5435/jaaos-21-12-727google scholar: lookup
  32. Bailón-Plaza A, van der Meulen MC. Beneficial effects of moderate, early loading and adverse effects of delayed or excessive loading on bone healing.. J Biomech 2003 Aug;36(8):1069-77.
    pubmed: 12831731doi: 10.1016/s0021-9290(03)00117-9google scholar: lookup
  33. Pountos I, Georgouli T, Calori GM, Giannoudis PV. Do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs affect bone healing? A critical analysis.. ScientificWorldJournal 2012;2012:606404.
    pmc: PMC3259713pubmed: 22272177doi: 10.1100/2012/606404google scholar: lookup
  34. Wickerts L, Warrén Stomberg M, Brattwall M, Jakobsson J. Coxibs: is there a benefit when compared to traditional non-selective NSAIDs in postoperative pain management?. Minerva Anestesiol 2011 Nov;77(11):1084-98.
    pubmed: 21617597
  35. Freedman LP, Cockburn IM, Simcoe TS. The Economics of Reproducibility in Preclinical Research.. PLoS Biol 2015 Jun;13(6):e1002165.
    pmc: PMC4461318pubmed: 26057340doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002165google scholar: lookup
  36. Rufiange M, Rousseau-Blass F, Pang DSJ. Incomplete reporting of experimental studies and items associated with risk of bias in veterinary research.. Vet Rec Open 2019;6(1):e000322.
    pmc: PMC6541106pubmed: 31205725doi: 10.1136/vetreco-2018-000322google scholar: lookup
  37. Kilkenny C, Browne W, Cuthill IC, Emerson M, Altman DG. Animal research: reporting in vivo experiments: the ARRIVE guidelines.. Br J Pharmacol 2010 Aug;160(7):1577-9.
    pmc: PMC2936830pubmed: 20649561doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00872.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  38. Baker D, Lidster K, Sottomayor A, Amor S. Two years later: journals are not yet enforcing the ARRIVE guidelines on reporting standards for pre-clinical animal studies.. PLoS Biol 2014 Jan;12(1):e1001756.
    pmc: PMC3883646pubmed: 24409096doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001756google scholar: lookup
  39. Kilkenny C, Parsons N, Kadyszewski E, Festing MF, Cuthill IC, Fry D, Hutton J, Altman DG. Survey of the quality of experimental design, statistical analysis and reporting of research using animals.. PLoS One 2009 Nov 30;4(11):e7824.
    pmc: PMC2779358pubmed: 19956596doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007824google scholar: lookup
  40. Baumans V. Use of animals in experimental research: an ethical dilemma?. Gene Ther 2004 Oct;11 Suppl 1:S64-6.
    pubmed: 15454959doi: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302371google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Digranes N, Haga HA, Nordgreen J. High and Hyper: Fentanyl Induces Psychomotor Side-Effects in Healthy Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023 May 17;13(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13101671pubmed: 37238100google scholar: lookup
  2. Nikolaisen NK, Colding-Rasmussen T, Horstmann PF, Müller AV, Cerón JJ, Petersen MM, Tierp-Wong CNE, Jacobsen S. First steps in the development of an ovine proximal phalanx fracture and bone defect model: a study of animal welfare and bone healing. Front Vet Sci 2025;12:1662553.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1662553pubmed: 41133190google scholar: lookup
  3. Costa GL, Tabbì M, Bruschetta G, Spadola F, Leonardi F, Bruno F, Iannelli NM, Licata P, Macrì F, Passino ES, Macrì D, Interlandi C. Analgesic efficacy of tapentadol in chronic joint disorders in horses: plasma serotonin concentration and adrenocortical response as biomarkers of pain-induced stress. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1505398.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1505398pubmed: 39742317google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.