FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Sci Rep / Rethinking the evidence for early horse domestication at Bot...
Scientific reports2021; 11(1); 7440; doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86832-9

Rethinking the evidence for early horse domestication at Botai.

Abstract: Despite its transformative impact on human history, the early domestication of the horse (Equus caballus) remains exceedingly difficult to trace in the archaeological record. In recent years, a scientific consensus emerged linking the Botai culture of northern Kazakhstan with the first domestication of horses, based on compelling but largely indirect archaeological evidence. A cornerstone of the archaeological case for domestication at Botai is damage to the dentition commonly linked with the use of bridle mouthpieces, or "bit wear." Recent archaeogenetic analyses reveal, however, that horse remains from Botai are not modern domesticates but instead the Przewalski's horse, E. przewalskii-warranting reevaluation of evidence for domestication. Here, we compare osteological traits hypothesized to have been caused by horse transport at Botai with wild Pleistocene equids in North America. Our results suggest that damage observed in Botai horse teeth is likely generated by natural disturbances in dental development and wear, rather than through contact with bridle equipment. In light of a careful reconsideration of the mid-Holocene archaeological record of northern Eurasia, we suggest that archaeological materials from Botai are most effectively explained through the regularized mass harvesting of wild Przewalski's' horses-meaning that the origins of horse domestication may lie elsewhere.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-04-02 PubMed ID: 33811228PubMed Central: PMC8018961DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86832-9Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper reevaluates the traditionally accepted belief that the Botai culture of northern Kazakhstan was responsible for the first domestication of horses. Instead, the authors suggest that the evidence previously attributed to early horse domestication can be reinterpreted as signs of regular mass harvesting of wild Przewalski horses.

Background

The perception of the Botai as early horse domesticators was mainly based on archaeological evidence, particularly the occurrence of dental damage in horses commonly associated with the usage of bridle mouthpieces or “bit wear”.

Research Findings

  • Recent genetic research has shown that the horse remains found at Botai sites were not domesticated horses, but were in fact Przewalski’s horses, a subspecies that is generally considered to have not been domesticated.
  • To investigate the bit wear evidence, the researchers compared osteological traits from Botai horse remains with wild Pleistocene equids in North America.
  • They found that the observed dental damage could be better explained by natural disturbances in dental development and wear rather than as a result of bridle equipment.

Reinterpretation of Evidence

  • Considering the genetic findings and the new interpretation of dental wear, the researchers suggest that the presence of horse remains at Botai archaeological sites should not be taken as evidence of horse domestication.
  • Instead, these remains are suggested to be the byproduct of regular, large-scale hunting of wild Przewalski’s horses.

Implications

  • The research raises the possibility that the origins of horse domestication may lie elsewhere than previously believed.
  • This reevaluation of evidence disrupts the consensus in the scientific community and necessitates a reassessment of when, where, and how the domestication of horses first occurred.
  • It also underscores the vital importance of thoroughly examining and reevaluating evidence in archaeology and related fields to ensure the accuracy of our understanding of historical events and cultural practices.

Cite This Article

APA
Taylor WTT, Barrón-Ortiz CI. (2021). Rethinking the evidence for early horse domestication at Botai. Sci Rep, 11(1), 7440. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86832-9

Publication

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
NlmUniqueID: 101563288
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 7440

Researcher Affiliations

Taylor, William Timothy Treal
  • University of Colorado-Boulder Museum of Natural History, 218 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA. william.taylor@colorado.edu.
Barrón-Ortiz, Christina Isabelle
  • Quaternary Palaeontology Program, Royal Alberta Museum, 9810 103a Ave NW, Edmonton, AB, T5J 0G2, Canada.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

References

This article includes 60 references
  1. Mitchell P. Horse Nations: The Worldwide Impact of the Horse on Indigenous Societies Post-1492. OUP Oxford; 2015.
  2. Benecke N. Late prehistoric exploitation of horses in central Germany and neighboring areas-the archaeozoological record. In Horses and Humans: The Evolution of Human-Equine Relationships (eds. Olsen, S. L., Grant, S., Choyke, A. M. & Bartosiewicz L.), Vol. 1560, 195 (Bar International Series, 2006).
  3. Greenfield HJ. The social and economic context for domestic horse origins in southeastern Europe: a view from Ljuljaci in the central Balkans. In Horses and Humans: The Evolution of Human-Equine Relationships (eds. Olsen, S. L., Grant, S., Choyke, A. M. & Bartosiewicz L.), Vol. 1560, 221 (Bar International Series, 2006).
  4. Clutton-Brock J. The buhen horse. J. Archaeol. Sci. 1974;1:89–100.
    doi: 10.1016/0305-4403(74)90019-3google scholar: lookup
  5. Anthony D, Telegin DY, Brown D. The Origin of Horseback Riding. Sci. Am. 1991;265:94–101.
    doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican1291-94google scholar: lookup
  6. Bendrey R. New methods for the identification of evidence for bitting on horse remains from archaeological sites. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2007;34:1036–1050.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.09.010google scholar: lookup
  7. Bendrey R. An analysis of factors affecting the development of an equid cranial enthesopathy. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika 2008;41(63):25–31.
  8. Levine MA. The origins of horse husbandry on the Eurasian steppe. In Late Prehistoric Exploitation of the Eurasian Steppe (eds Levine, M. A. et al.), 5–58 (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 1999).
  9. Levine MA, Whitwell KE, Jeffcott LB. Abnormal thoracic vertebrae and the evolution of horse husbandry. Archaeofauna 2005;14:93–109.
  10. Outram AK. The earliest horse harnessing and milking. Science 2009;323:1332–1335.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1168594pubmed: 19265018google scholar: lookup
  11. Gaunitz C. Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses. Science 2018.
    doi: 10.1126/science.aao3297pubmed: 29472442google scholar: lookup
  12. Cook WR. Damage by the bit to the equine interdental space and second lower premolar. Equine Vet. Educ. 2011;23:355–360.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00167.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  13. Taylor WTT, Bayarsaikhan J, Tuvshinjargal T. Equine cranial morphology and the identification of riding and chariotry in late Bronze Age Mongolia. Antiquity 2015;89:854–871.
    doi: 10.15184/aqy.2015.76google scholar: lookup
  14. Li Y. Early evidence for mounted horseback riding in northwest China. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2020;117:29569–29576.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.2004360117pmc: PMC7703595pubmed: 33139545google scholar: lookup
  15. Lindner S. Chariots in the Eurasian Steppe: a Bayesian approach to the emergence of horse-drawn transport in the early second millennium BC. Antiquity 2020;94:361–380.
    doi: 10.15184/aqy.2020.37google scholar: lookup
  16. Fages A. Tracking five millennia of horse management with extensive ancient genome time series. Cell 2019;177:1419–1435.e31.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.049pmc: PMC6547883pubmed: 31056281google scholar: lookup
  17. Anthony David W. The horse, the wheel and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton University Press, 2007.
  18. Gimbutas M. The Kurgan Culture and the Indo-Europeanization of Europe: Selected Articles from 1952 to 1993. Study of Man, 1997.
  19. Allentoft ME. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature 2015;522:167–172.
    doi: 10.1038/nature14507pubmed: 26062507google scholar: lookup
  20. Anthony DW, Brown DR, George C. Early horseback riding and warfare: the importance of the magpie around the neck. In Horses and Humans: The Evolution of Human-Equine Relationships (eds. Olsen, S. L., Grant, S., Choyke, A. M. & Bartosiewicz L.), Vol. 1560, 137 (Bar International Series, 2006).
  21. Anthony DW, Brown DR. Eneolithic horse exploitation in the Eurasian steppes: diet, ritual and riding. Antiquity 2000;74:75–86.
    doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00066163google scholar: lookup
  22. Olsen SL. Early horse domestication: weighing the evidence. In Horses and Humans: The Evolution of Human-Equine Relationships (eds. Olsen, S. L., Grant, S., Choyke, A. M. & Bartosiewicz L.), Vol. 1560, 81 (Bar International Series, 2006).
  23. French C, Kousoulakou M. Geomorphological and micromorphological investigations of palaeosols, valley sediments and a sunken floored dwelling at Botai, Kazakhstan. In Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse (eds Levine, M. et al.) 105–114 (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2003).
  24. Brown D, Anthony D. Bit wear, horseback riding and the Botai site in Kazakstan. J. Archaeol. Sci. 1998;25:331–347.
    doi: 10.1006/jasc.1997.0242google scholar: lookup
  25. Kosintsev PA. The human-horse relationship on the European-Asian border in the Neolithic and Early Iron Age. Bar International Series 2006;1560:127.
  26. Taylor W. Horse demography and use in Bronze Age Mongolia. Quat. Int. 2017;436:270–282.
    doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.085google scholar: lookup
  27. Fages A, Seguin-Orlando A, Germonpré M, Orlando L. Horse males became over-represented in archaeological assemblages during the Bronze Age. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 2020;31:102364.
  28. Levine MA. Exploring the criteria for early horse domestication. In: Jones M, editor. Traces of Ancestry: Studies in Honour of Colin Renfrew. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; 2004. pp. 115–126.
  29. Benecke N, von den Driesch A. Horse exploitation in the Kazakh steppes during the Eneolithic and Bronze Age. In Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse (eds Levine, M. et al.) 69–82 (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2003).
  30. Dudd SN, Evershed RP, Levine M. Organic residue analysis of lipids in potsherds from the early Neolithic settlement of Botai, Kazakhstan. In Prehistoric Steppe Adaptation and the Horse (eds Levine, M. et al.) 45–53 (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2003).
  31. Wilkin S, Miller AV, Fernandes R, Spengler III RN, Taylor WTT, Brown DR, Reich D, Kennett D, Cullerton BJ, Kunz L, Fortes C, Kitova A, Kuznetsov P, Epimakhov A, Outram AK, Kitov E, Khokhlov A, Anthony D, Boivin ND. Dairying enabled Early Bronze Age Yamnaya steppe expansions. Submitted to Nat Comms, January 2021 (In Review).
    pmc: PMC8550948pubmed: 34526723
  32. Taylor W, Tuvshinjargal T. Horseback riding, asymmetry, and changes to the equine skull: evidence for mounted riding in Mongolia’s late Bronze Age. In Care or Neglect? Evidence of Animal Disease in Archaeology (eds Bartosiewicz, L. & Gal, E.) (Oxbow Books, 2018).
  33. Barrón-Ortiz CI, Rodrigues AT, Theodor JM, Kooyman BP, Yang DY, Speller CF. Cheek tooth morphology and ancient mitochondrial DNA of late Pleistocene horses from the western interior of North America: implications for the taxonomy of North American late Pleistocene Equus. PLoS ONE 2017;12(8):e0183045.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183045pmc: PMC5560644pubmed: 28817644google scholar: lookup
  34. Witzel C, Kierdorf U, Dobney K, Ervynck A, Vanpoucke S, Kierdorf H. Reconstructing impairment of secretory ameloblasts function in porcine teeth by analysis of morphological alterations in dental enamel. J. Anat. 2006;209:93–110.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00581.xpmc: PMC2100299pubmed: 16822273google scholar: lookup
  35. Hillson S. Tooth Development in Human Evolution and Bioarchaeology. Cambridge University Press; 2014.
  36. Kierdorf H, Zeiler J, Kierdorf U. Problems and pitfalls in the diagnosis of linear enamel hypoplasia in cheek teeth of cattle. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2006;33:1690–1695.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.03.001google scholar: lookup
  37. Upex B, Balasse M, Tresset A, Arbuckle B, Dobney K. Protocol for recording enamel hypoplasia in modern and archaeological caprine populations. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 2014;24:79–89.
    doi: 10.1002/oa.2227google scholar: lookup
  38. Mitchell SR, Kempson SA, Dixon PM. Structure of peripheral cementum of normal equine cheek teeth. J. Vet. Dent. 2003;20:199–208.
    doi: 10.1177/089875640302000401pubmed: 14974168google scholar: lookup
  39. Englisch LM, Kostrzewa K, Kopke S, Failing K, Staszyk C. Uneven distribution of enamel, dentine and cementum in cheek teeth of domestic horses (Equus caballus): a micro computed tomography study. PLoS ONE 2017;12(8):e0183220.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183220pmc: PMC5558931pubmed: 28813496google scholar: lookup
  40. Barrón-Ortiz CI, Jass CN, Barrón-Corvera R, Austen J, Theodor JM. Enamel hypoplasia and dental wear of North American late Pleistocene horses and bison: an assessment of nutritionally based extinction models. Paleobiology 2019;45:484–515.
    doi: 10.1017/pab.2019.17google scholar: lookup
  41. Le Cabec A, Tang N, Tafforeau P. Accessing developmental information of fossil hominin teeth using new synchrotron microtomography-based visualization techniques of dental surfaces and interfaces. PLoS One 2015;10(4):e0123019.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123019pmc: PMC4406681pubmed: 25901602google scholar: lookup
  42. Kierdorf H, Kierdorf U, Witzel C, Intoh M, Dobney K. Developmental defects and post-mortem changes in archaeological pig teeth from Fais Island, Micronesia. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2009;36:1637–1646.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.03.028google scholar: lookup
  43. Kierdorf U, Kierdorf H, Fejerskov O. Fluoride induced developmental changes in enamel and dentine of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) as a result of environmental pollution. Arch. Oral Biol. 1993;38:1071–1081.
    doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(93)90169-Mpubmed: 8141669google scholar: lookup
  44. Kierdorf U, Kierdorf H, Sedlacek F, Fejerskov O. Structural changes in fluorosed dental enamel of red deer (Cevus elaphus L.) from a region with severe environmental pollution by fluorides. J. Anat. 1996;188:183–195.
    pmc: PMC1167646pubmed: 8655406
  45. Kierdorf H, Kierdorf U, Richards A, Sedlacek F. Disturbed enamel formation in wild boars (Sus scrofa L.) from fluoride polluted areas in Central Europe. Anat. Rec. 2000;259:12–24.
    doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(20000501)259:1<12::AID-AR2>3.0.CO;2-6pubmed: 10760739google scholar: lookup
  46. Straus LG. Upper paleolithic hunting tactics and weapons in Western Europe. Archaeol. Pap. Am. Anthropol. Assoc. 1993;4:83–93.
  47. Thieme H. Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 1997;385:807–810.
    doi: 10.1038/385807a0pubmed: 9039910google scholar: lookup
  48. Pope MSP, Roberts M. The Horse Butchery Site: A High Resolution Record of Lower Palaeolithic Hominin Behaviour at Boxgrove. UK. Spoilheap Publications; 2020.
  49. Olsen SL. Solutré: a theoretical approach to the reconstruction of Upper Palaeolithic hunting strategies. J. Hum. Evol. 1989;18:295–327.
    doi: 10.1016/0047-2484(89)90034-1google scholar: lookup
  50. Sauvet G. The hierarchy of animals in the Paleolithic iconography. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 2019;28:102025.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102025google scholar: lookup
  51. Guthrie RD. Human-horse relations using Paleolithic art: Pleistocene horses drawn from life. In Horses and Humans: The Evolution of Human-Equine Relationships (eds. Olsen, S. L., Grant, S., Choyke, A. M. & Bartosiewicz L.), Vol. 1560, 61 (Bar International Series, 2006).
  52. Tarasov PE, Jolly D, Kaplan JO. A continuous Late Glacial and Holocene record of vegetation changes in Kazakhstan. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1997;136:281–292.
    doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00072-2google scholar: lookup
  53. Zhang D, Feng Z. Holocene climate variations in the Altai Mountains and the surrounding areas: a synthesis of pollen records. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2018;185:847–869.
    doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.08.007google scholar: lookup
  54. Perșoiu A. Holocene winter climate variability in Central and Eastern Europe. Sci. Rep. 2017;7:1196.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-01397-wpmc: PMC5430645pubmed: 28446780google scholar: lookup
  55. Steppan K. The neolithic human impact and wild horses in Germany and Switzerland: horse size variability and the chrono-ecological context. In Horses and Humans: The Evolution of Human-Equine Relationships (eds. Olsen, S. L., Grant, S., Choyke, A. M. & Bartosiewicz L.), Vol. 1560, 209 (Bar International Series, 2006).
  56. de Barros Damgaard P. The first horse herders and the impact of early Bronze Age steppe expansions into Asia. Science 2018;360:eaar7711.
    doi: 10.1126/science.aar7711pmc: PMC6748862pubmed: 29743352google scholar: lookup
  57. Guimaraes S. Ancient DNA shows domestic horses were introduced in the southern Caucasus and Anatolia during the Bronze Age. Sci. Adv. 2020;6:eabb0030.
    doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abb0030pmc: PMC7494339pubmed: 32938680google scholar: lookup
  58. Wit P, Bouman I. The Tale of the Przewalski’s Horse: Coming Home to Mongolia. KNNV Pub., 2006.
  59. Rossel S. Domestication of the donkey: timing, processes, and indicators. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2008;105:3715–3720.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0709692105pmc: PMC2268817pubmed: 18332433google scholar: lookup
  60. Weber JA. Elite equids: redefining equid burials of the mid-to late 3rd millennium BC from Umm el-Marra, Syria. MOM Éditions 2008;49:499–519.

Citations

This article has been cited 12 times.
  1. Kassymbekova SN, Bimenova ZZ, Iskhan KZ, Sobiech P, Jastrzebski JP, Brym P, Babis W, Kalykova AS, Otebayev ZM, Kabylbekova DI, Baneh H, Romanov MN. Uncovering Genetic Diversity and Adaptive Candidate Genes in the Mugalzhar Horse Breed Using Whole-Genome Sequencing Data. Animals (Basel) 2025 Sep 11;15(18).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15182667pubmed: 41007912google scholar: lookup
  2. Taylor WTT, Delsol N, Oelze VM, Mitchell P, Stricker L, Lavin M, Ogundiran A, Hosek L, Barrón-Ortiz CI, Ojediran O, Quintero-Bisono D, Keith-Diagne L, Magoon D, Hill ME Jr, Thomas AE, Waterman A, Peate DW, Chauvey L, Schiavinato S, Calvière-Tonasso L, Borges L, Brito-Mayor A, Santana J, Kamenov G, Orlando L, Krigbaum J. Early transatlantic movement of horses and donkeys at Jamestown. Sci Adv 2025 Sep 5;11(36):eadw2595.
    doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adw2595pubmed: 40901968google scholar: lookup
  3. Pozharskiy A, Beishova I, Nametov A, Shamshidin A, Ulyanova T, Kovalchuk A, Ulyanov V, Shamekova M, Bekova G, Gritsenko D. Genetic composition of Kazakh horses of Zhabe type evaluated by SNP genotyping. Heliyon 2025 Jan 15;11(1):e41173.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41173pubmed: 39758388google scholar: lookup
  4. Hosek L, James RJ, Taylor WTT. Tracing horseback riding and transport in the human skeleton. Sci Adv 2024 Sep 20;10(38):eado9774.
    doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ado9774pubmed: 39303033google scholar: lookup
  5. Lovász L, Sommer-Trembo C, Barth JMI, Scasta JD, Grancharova-Hill R, Lemoine RT, Kerekes V, Merckling L, Bouskila A, Svenning JC, Fages A. Rewilded horses in European nature conservation - a genetics, ethics, and welfare perspective. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2025 Feb;100(1):407-427.
    doi: 10.1111/brv.13146pubmed: 39279124google scholar: lookup
  6. Librado P, Tressières G, Chauvey L, Fages A, Khan N, Schiavinato S, Calvière-Tonasso L, Kusliy MA, Gaunitz C, Liu X, Wagner S, Der Sarkissian C, Seguin-Orlando A, Perdereau A, Aury JM, Southon J, Shapiro B, Bouchez O, Donnadieu C, Collin YRH, Gregersen KM, Jessen MD, Christensen K, Claudi-Hansen L, Pruvost M, Pucher E, Vulic H, Novak M, Rimpf A, Turk P, Reiter S, Brem G, Schwall C, Barrey É, Robert C, Degueurce C, Horwitz LK, Klassen L, Rasmussen U, Kveiborg J, Johannsen NN, Makowiecki D, Makarowicz P, Szeliga M, Ilchyshyn V, Rud V, Romaniszyn J, Mullin VE, Verdugo M, Bradley DG, Cardoso JL, Valente MJ, Telles Antunes M, Ameen C, Thomas R, Ludwig A, Marzullo M, Prato O, Bagnasco Gianni G, Tecchiati U, Granado J, Schlumbaum A, Deschler-Erb S, Mráz MS, Boulbes N, Gardeisen A, Mayer C, Döhle HJ, Vicze M, Kosintsev PA, Kyselý R, Peške L, O'Connor T, Ananyevskaya E, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Kovalev AA, Iderkhangai TO, Sablin MV, Dashkovskiy PK, Graphodatsky AS, Merts I, Merts V, Kasparov AK, Pitulko VV, Onar V, Öztan A, Arbuckle BS, McColl H, Renaud G, Khaskhanov R, Demidenko S, Kadieva A, Atabiev B, Sundqvist M, Lindgren G, López-Cachero FJ, Albizuri S, Trbojević Vukičević T, Rapan Papeša A, Burić M, Rajić Šikanjić P, Weinstock J, Asensio Vilaró D, Codina F, García Dalmau C, Morer de Llorens J, Pou J, de Prado G, Sanmartí J, Kallala N, Torres JR, Maraoui-Telmini B, Belarte Franco MC, Valenzuela-Lamas S, Zazzo A, Lepetz S, Duchesne S, Alexeev A, Bayarsaikhan J, Houle JL, Bayarkhuu N, Turbat T, Crubézy É, Shingiray I, Mashkour M, Berezina NY, Korobov DS, Belinskiy A, Kalmykov A, Demoule JP, Reinhold S, Hansen S, Wallner B, Roslyakova N, Kuznetsov PF, Tishkin AA, Wincker P, Kanne K, Outram A, Orlando L. Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 BCE in Eurasia. Nature 2024 Jul;631(8022):819-825.
    doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07597-5pubmed: 38843826google scholar: lookup
  7. Vincelette A. The Characteristics, Distribution, Function, and Origin of Alternative Lateral Horse Gaits. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 8;13(16).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13162557pubmed: 37627349google scholar: lookup
  8. Trautmann M, Frînculeasa A, Preda-Bălănică B, Petruneac M, Focşǎneanu M, Alexandrov S, Atanassova N, Włodarczak P, Podsiadło M, Dani J, Bereczki Z, Hajdu T, Băjenaru R, Ioniță A, Măgureanu A, Măgureanu D, Popescu AD, Sârbu D, Vasile G, Anthony D, Heyd V. First bioanthropological evidence for Yamnaya horsemanship. Sci Adv 2023 Mar 3;9(9):eade2451.
    doi: 10.1126/sciadv.ade2451pubmed: 36867690google scholar: lookup
  9. Cirilli O, Machado H, Arroyo-Cabrales J, Barrón-Ortiz CI, Davis E, Jass CN, Jukar AM, Landry Z, Marín-Leyva AH, Pandolfi L, Pushkina D, Rook L, Saarinen J, Scott E, Semprebon G, Strani F, Villavicencio NA, Kaya F, Bernor RL. Evolution of the Family Equidae, Subfamily Equinae, in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene. Biology (Basel) 2022 Aug 24;11(9).
    doi: 10.3390/biology11091258pubmed: 36138737google scholar: lookup
  10. Casanova E, Knowles TDJ, Outram AK, Stear NA, Roffet-Salque M, Zaibert V, Logvin A, Shevnina I, Evershed RP. Direct (14)C dating of equine products preserved in archaeological pottery vessels from Botai and Bestamak, Kazakhstan. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 2022;14(9):175.
    doi: 10.1007/s12520-022-01630-2pubmed: 35996450google scholar: lookup
  11. Scott A, Reinhold S, Hermes T, Kalmykov AA, Belinskiy A, Buzhilova A, Berezina N, Kantorovich AR, Maslov VE, Guliyev F, Lyonnet B, Gasimov P, Jalilov B, Eminli J, Iskandarov E, Hammer E, Nugent SE, Hagan R, Majander K, Onkamo P, Nordqvist K, Shishlina N, Kaverzneva E, Korolev AI, Khokhlov AA, Smolyaninov RV, Sharapova SV, Krause R, Karapetian M, Stolarczyk E, Krause J, Hansen S, Haak W, Warinner C. Emergence and intensification of dairying in the Caucasus and Eurasian steppes. Nat Ecol Evol 2022 Jun;6(6):813-822.
    doi: 10.1038/s41559-022-01701-6pubmed: 35393601google scholar: lookup
  12. Merkies K, Franzin O. Enhanced Understanding of Horse-Human Interactions to Optimize Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2021 May 9;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11051347pubmed: 34065156google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,383 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.