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Scientific reports2021; 11(1); 7440; doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86832-9

Rethinking the evidence for early horse domestication at Botai.

Abstract: Despite its transformative impact on human history, the early domestication of the horse (Equus caballus) remains exceedingly difficult to trace in the archaeological record. In recent years, a scientific consensus emerged linking the Botai culture of northern Kazakhstan with the first domestication of horses, based on compelling but largely indirect archaeological evidence. A cornerstone of the archaeological case for domestication at Botai is damage to the dentition commonly linked with the use of bridle mouthpieces, or "bit wear." Recent archaeogenetic analyses reveal, however, that horse remains from Botai are not modern domesticates but instead the Przewalski's horse, E. przewalskii-warranting reevaluation of evidence for domestication. Here, we compare osteological traits hypothesized to have been caused by horse transport at Botai with wild Pleistocene equids in North America. Our results suggest that damage observed in Botai horse teeth is likely generated by natural disturbances in dental development and wear, rather than through contact with bridle equipment. In light of a careful reconsideration of the mid-Holocene archaeological record of northern Eurasia, we suggest that archaeological materials from Botai are most effectively explained through the regularized mass harvesting of wild Przewalski's' horses-meaning that the origins of horse domestication may lie elsewhere.
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Publication Date: 2021-04-02 PubMed ID: 33811228PubMed Central: PMC8018961DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86832-9Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper reevaluates the traditionally accepted belief that the Botai culture of northern Kazakhstan was responsible for the first domestication of horses. Instead, the authors suggest that the evidence previously attributed to early horse domestication can be reinterpreted as signs of regular mass harvesting of wild Przewalski horses.

Background

The perception of the Botai as early horse domesticators was mainly based on archaeological evidence, particularly the occurrence of dental damage in horses commonly associated with the usage of bridle mouthpieces or “bit wear”.

Research Findings

  • Recent genetic research has shown that the horse remains found at Botai sites were not domesticated horses, but were in fact Przewalski’s horses, a subspecies that is generally considered to have not been domesticated.
  • To investigate the bit wear evidence, the researchers compared osteological traits from Botai horse remains with wild Pleistocene equids in North America.
  • They found that the observed dental damage could be better explained by natural disturbances in dental development and wear rather than as a result of bridle equipment.

Reinterpretation of Evidence

  • Considering the genetic findings and the new interpretation of dental wear, the researchers suggest that the presence of horse remains at Botai archaeological sites should not be taken as evidence of horse domestication.
  • Instead, these remains are suggested to be the byproduct of regular, large-scale hunting of wild Przewalski’s horses.

Implications

  • The research raises the possibility that the origins of horse domestication may lie elsewhere than previously believed.
  • This reevaluation of evidence disrupts the consensus in the scientific community and necessitates a reassessment of when, where, and how the domestication of horses first occurred.
  • It also underscores the vital importance of thoroughly examining and reevaluating evidence in archaeology and related fields to ensure the accuracy of our understanding of historical events and cultural practices.

Cite This Article

APA
Taylor WTT, Barrón-Ortiz CI. (2021). Rethinking the evidence for early horse domestication at Botai. Sci Rep, 11(1), 7440. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86832-9

Publication

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
NlmUniqueID: 101563288
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 7440

Researcher Affiliations

Taylor, William Timothy Treal
  • University of Colorado-Boulder Museum of Natural History, 218 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA. william.taylor@colorado.edu.
Barrón-Ortiz, Christina Isabelle
  • Quaternary Palaeontology Program, Royal Alberta Museum, 9810 103a Ave NW, Edmonton, AB, T5J 0G2, Canada.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

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