Review of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae as venereal pathogens in horses.
Abstract: Three bacteria extensively acknowledged as venereal pathogens with the potential to induce endometritis include Taylorella equigenitalis, the causative agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM), specific strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and certain capsule types of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The United Kingdom's Horserace Betting Levy Board recommends pre-breeding screening for these bacteria in their International Codes of Practice and >20 000 samples are tested per annum in the United Kingdom alone. While the pathogenesis and regulatory importance of CEM are well established, an evaluation of the literature pertaining to venereal transmission of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae was lacking. The aim of this review was to evaluate published literature and determine the significance of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae as venereal pathogens in horses. Literature definitively demonstrating venereal transmission was not available. Instead, application of molecular typing methods suggested that common environmental sources of contamination, such as water, or fomites be considered as modes of transmission. The presence of organisms with pathogenic potential on a horse's external genitalia did not predict venereal transmission with resultant endometritis and reduced fertility. These findings may prompt further investigation using molecular technologies to confirm or exclude venereal spread and investigation of alternative mechanisms of transmission are indicated.
© 2024 The Author(s). Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
Publication Date: 2024-08-05 PubMed ID: 39103748PubMed Central: PMC11982429DOI: 10.1111/evj.14201Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Review
Cite This Article
APA
Scholtz M, Guthrie AJ, Newton R, Schulman ML.
(2024).
Review of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae as venereal pathogens in horses.
Equine Vet J, 57(3), 587-597.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14201 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
- Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
MeSH Terms
- Horses
- Animals
- Horse Diseases / microbiology
- Klebsiella pneumoniae / isolation & purification
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa / isolation & purification
- Klebsiella Infections / veterinary
- Klebsiella Infections / microbiology
- Klebsiella Infections / transmission
- Pseudomonas Infections / veterinary
- Pseudomonas Infections / microbiology
- Pseudomonas Infections / transmission
- Female
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial / veterinary
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial / microbiology
Grant Funding
- University of Pretoria's Equine Research Centre
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Citations
This article has been cited 2 times.- Köhne M, Hüsch R, Peh E, Hirnet J, Tönissen A, Müsken M, Plötz M, Kittler S, Sieme H. Newly isolated bacteriophages show efficacy and phage-antibiotic synergy in vitro against the equine genital pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. BMC Vet Res 2025 Oct 3;21(1):568.
- Hardefeldt L, Thomas K, Page S, Norris J, Browning G, El Hage C, Stewart A, Gilkerson J, Muscatello G, Verwilghen D, van Galen G, Bauquier J, Cuming R, Reynolds B, Whittaker C, Wilkes E, Clulow J, Burden C, Begg L. Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for horses in Australia.. Aust Vet J 2025 Dec;103(12):781-889.
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