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Equine veterinary journal2024; 57(3); 587-597; doi: 10.1111/evj.14201

Review of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae as venereal pathogens in horses.

Abstract: Three bacteria extensively acknowledged as venereal pathogens with the potential to induce endometritis include Taylorella equigenitalis, the causative agent of contagious equine metritis (CEM), specific strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and certain capsule types of Klebsiella pneumoniae. The United Kingdom's Horserace Betting Levy Board recommends pre-breeding screening for these bacteria in their International Codes of Practice and >20 000 samples are tested per annum in the United Kingdom alone. While the pathogenesis and regulatory importance of CEM are well established, an evaluation of the literature pertaining to venereal transmission of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae was lacking. The aim of this review was to evaluate published literature and determine the significance of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae as venereal pathogens in horses. Literature definitively demonstrating venereal transmission was not available. Instead, application of molecular typing methods suggested that common environmental sources of contamination, such as water, or fomites be considered as modes of transmission. The presence of organisms with pathogenic potential on a horse's external genitalia did not predict venereal transmission with resultant endometritis and reduced fertility. These findings may prompt further investigation using molecular technologies to confirm or exclude venereal spread and investigation of alternative mechanisms of transmission are indicated.
© 2024 The Author(s). Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2024-08-05 PubMed ID: 39103748PubMed Central: PMC11982429DOI: 10.1111/evj.14201Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Research Overview

  • This review examines whether the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae can be transmitted sexually among horses and cause endometritis.
  • It analyzes existing studies to assess their significance as venereal pathogens compared to the well-known Taylorella equigenitalis.

Background

  • Three main bacteria are recognized as venereal (sexually transmitted) pathogens causing endometritis in horses:
    • Taylorella equigenitalis – causes contagious equine metritis (CEM)
    • Certain strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • Specific capsular types of Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • The Horserace Betting Levy Board in the UK enforces pre-breeding screening for these bacteria under their International Codes of Practice.
  • Over 20,000 samples are tested annually in the UK to monitor these pathogens.
  • The pathogenesis (disease development) and regulatory frameworks are well established for CEM caused by T. equigenitalis.

Aim of the Review

  • To evaluate published literature on the venereal transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae in horses.
  • To determine the significance of these bacteria as venereal pathogens relative to more well-known causes like T. equigenitalis.

Findings

  • No definitive evidence was found to confirm sexual transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Klebsiella pneumoniae among horses.
  • Molecular typing methods suggested alternative routes:
    • Common environmental sources such as water
    • Fomites (contaminated objects or surfaces)
  • Presence of these bacteria on the external genitalia did not reliably predict venereal transmission or the development of endometritis leading to reduced fertility.

Implications

  • Further research using advanced molecular technologies is necessary to clarify whether these bacteria can be sexually transmitted in horses.
  • Alternative transmission mechanisms beyond direct venereal spread should be investigated.
  • These insights may influence breeding management practices and regulatory controls regarding these bacteria.

Cite This Article

APA
Scholtz M, Guthrie AJ, Newton R, Schulman ML. (2024). Review of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae as venereal pathogens in horses. Equine Vet J, 57(3), 587-597. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14201

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 57
Issue: 3
Pages: 587-597

Researcher Affiliations

Scholtz, Melanie
  • Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
Guthrie, Alan John
  • Equine Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
Newton, Richard
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Schulman, Martin Lance
  • Section of Reproduction, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae / isolation & purification
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa / isolation & purification
  • Klebsiella Infections / veterinary
  • Klebsiella Infections / microbiology
  • Klebsiella Infections / transmission
  • Pseudomonas Infections / veterinary
  • Pseudomonas Infections / microbiology
  • Pseudomonas Infections / transmission
  • Female
  • Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial / veterinary
  • Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial / microbiology

Grant Funding

  • University of Pretoria's Equine Research Centre

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
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