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Home / Equine Research Bank / Clin Microbiol Rev / Rhodococcus equi: an animal and human pathogen.
Clinical microbiology reviews1991; 4(1); 20-34; doi: 10.1128/CMR.4.1.20

Rhodococcus equi: an animal and human pathogen.

Abstract: Recent isolations of Rhodococcus equi from cavitatory pulmonary disease in patients with AIDS have aroused interest among medical microbiologists in this unusual organism. Earlier isolations from humans had also been in immunosuppressed patients following hemolymphatic tumors or renal transplantation. This organism has been recognized for many years as a cause of a serious pyogranulomatous pneumonia of young foals and is occasionally isolated from granulomatous lesions in several other species, in some cases following immunosuppression. The last decade has seen many advances in understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and immunity to infection in foals. The particular susceptibility of the foal is not understood but can be explained in part by a combination of heavy challenge through the respiratory route coinciding with declining maternally derived antibody in the absence of fully competent foal cellular immune mechanisms. R. equi is largely a soil organism but is widespread in the feces of herbivores. Its growth in soil is considerably improved by simple nutrients it obtains from herbivore manure. About one-third of human patients who have developed R. equi infections had contact in some way with herbivores or their manure. Others may have acquired infection from contact with soil or wild bird manure. R. equi is an intracellular parasite, which explains the typical pyogranulomatous nature of R. equi infections, the predisposition to infection in human patients with defective cell-mediated immune mechanisms, and the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs that penetrate phagocytic cells.
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Publication Date: 1991-01-01 PubMed ID: 2004346PubMed Central: PMC358176DOI: 10.1128/CMR.4.1.20Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is centered around Rhodococcus equi, a type of bacteria that is primarily found in soil and herbivore feces, and can cause severe lung damage in immunosuppressed individuals like AIDS patients, recipients of renal transplants, and young foals.

Microorganism of Interest: Rhodococcus equi

  • The organism, Rhodococcus equi, has drawn interest from the medical community due to its recent isolations from patients with AIDS, showing symptoms of cavitatory pulmonary disease. This illness causes visible holes to form in the patient’s lung tissue.
  • Modern medicine has been aware of R. equi for a while, recognizing its implication in causing pyogranulomatous pneumonia in young foals – a serious lung condition marked by inflammatory lumps.
  • The bacterium is also occasionally found in granulomatous lesions (similar type of inflammatory lumps) in other animals, mainly following cases of immunosuppression.

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Infections

  • The past decade has seen significant strides in understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis (mechanism of disease development), as well as in methods of diagnosis and treatment.
  • In horses, the bacteria presumably make an entry into the organism primarily through the respiratory route. The vulnerability of foals to R. equi is largely unknown, but it could be due to a mix of having a high exposure risk along with a decline in maternally derived antibodies, at a time when the foal’s immune response is not yet fully developed or competent.

Environmental Prevalence and Transmission

  • Outside the host, R. equi is largely found in soil, as well as considerably widespread in the feces of herbivores. Its growth in soil is considerably enhanced by nutrients obtained from the manure of these herbivores.
  • Research shows that about one-third of human patients who developed R. equi infections had some form of contact with herbivores or their feces. Others may have contracted the infection from contact with polluted soil or wild bird feces.

Intracellular Parasitism & Implications

  • R. equi is an intracellular parasite, meaning that once inside the host’s body, it invades and multiplies inside the host cells, specifically, the phagocytes which serve our immune system.
  • This intracellular parasitism offers an explanation for the type of infection it leads to, its predisposition towards infecting individuals with compromised cell-mediated immunity (necessary for combating intracellular enemies), and the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs that can penetrate phagocytic cells, where the bacteria hide and multiply.

Cite This Article

APA
Prescott JF. (1991). Rhodococcus equi: an animal and human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev, 4(1), 20-34. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.4.1.20

Publication

Clinical microbiology reviews
ISSN: 0893-8512
NlmUniqueID: 8807282
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 20-34

Researcher Affiliations

Prescott, J F
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

MeSH Terms

  • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / complications
  • Actinomycetales Infections / complications
  • Actinomycetales Infections / microbiology
  • Actinomycetales Infections / veterinary
  • Animals
  • Horse Diseases / microbiology
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Immune Tolerance
  • Pneumonia / complications
  • Pneumonia / microbiology
  • Pneumonia / veterinary
  • Rhodococcus / pathogenicity

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