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Home / Equine Research Bank / Equine Vet J / Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia: Update on epidemiology, imm...
Equine veterinary journal2022; 54(3); 481-494; doi: 10.1111/evj.13567

Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia: Update on epidemiology, immunity, treatment and prevention.

Abstract: Pneumonia in foals caused by the bacterium Rhodococcus equi has a worldwide distribution and is a common cause of disease and death for foals. The purpose of this narrative review was to summarise recent developments pertaining to the epidemiology, immune responses, treatment, and prevention of rhodococcal pneumonia of foals. Screening tests have been used to implement earlier detection and treatment of foals with presumed subclinical R. equi pneumonia to reduce mortality and severity of disease. Unfortunately, this practice has been linked to the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant R. equi in North America. Correlates of protective immunity for R. equi infections of foals remain elusive, but recent evidence indicates that innate immune responses are important both for mediating killing and orchestrating adaptive immune responses. A macrolide antimicrobial in combination with rifampin remains the recommended treatment for foals with R. equi pneumonia. Great need exists to identify which antimicrobial combination is most effective for treating foals with R. equi pneumonia and to limit emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains. In the absence of an effective vaccine against R. equi, passive immunisation remains the only commercially available method for effectively reducing the incidence of R. equi pneumonia. Because passive immunisation is expensive, labour-intensive and carries risks for foals, great need exists to develop alternative approaches for passive and active immunisation.
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Publication Date: 2022-03-21 PubMed ID: 35188690DOI: 10.1111/evj.13567Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article presents a review on the recent developments regarding the bacterial disease Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia, including its epidemiology, immunity responses, treatments, and prevention methods.

Epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia

  • Pneumonia caused by the Rhodococcus equi bacterium is a leading cause of disease and death among foals globally, causing significant concern in the equine industry.
  • Screening tests have been developed and used for early detection and treatment of presumed subclinical R. equi pneumonia in order to reduce the mortality rate and severity of the disease.
  • However, this practice has been correlated with the emergence of R. equi strains that are resistant to antimicrobials, particularly in North America, presenting a new challenge.

Immune Response to Rhodococcus equi

  • From an immunological perspective, understanding the body’s defense mechanism against R. equi infections is still elusive.
  • Recent studies, however, suggest that innate immune responses play a crucial role in both eliminating the bacterium and stimulating adaptive immune responses.

Treatment for Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia

  • The recommended treatment for foals suffering from R. equi pneumonia currently is a combination of macrolide antimicrobial and rifampin.
  • However, there is a pressing need to determine the most effective combination of antimicrobials for treating R. equi pneumonia, especially considering the emergence of resistant strains.

Prevention of Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia

  • In the absence of an effective vaccine, the only commercially available method for actively reducing the incidence of R. equi pneumonia is through passive immunisation.
  • This method, however, is costly, labor-intensive, and potentially risky for the foals, necessitating the search for alternative approaches for both active and passive immunisation strategies.

Cite This Article

APA
Bordin AI, Huber L, Sanz MG, Cohen ND. (2022). Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia: Update on epidemiology, immunity, treatment and prevention. Equine Vet J, 54(3), 481-494. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13567

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 54
Issue: 3
Pages: 481-494

Researcher Affiliations

Bordin, Angela I
  • Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
Huber, Laura
  • Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.
Sanz, Macarena G
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.
Cohen, Noah D
  • Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Actinomycetales Infections / drug therapy
  • Actinomycetales Infections / epidemiology
  • Actinomycetales Infections / prevention & control
  • Actinomycetales Infections / veterinary
  • Animals
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use
  • Horse Diseases / drug therapy
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
  • Horses
  • Pneumonia, Bacterial / drug therapy
  • Pneumonia, Bacterial / epidemiology
  • Pneumonia, Bacterial / prevention & control
  • Pneumonia, Bacterial / veterinary
  • Rhodococcus equi

Grant Funding

  • Link Equine Research Endowment

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Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
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