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EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority2025; 23(10); e9685; doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9685

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of an essential oil derived from the flowering aerial parts of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (rosemary oil) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Abstract: Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of an essential oil from the flowering aerial parts of Spenn. (rosemary oil) when used as a sensory additive in feed and in water for drinking for all animal species. Methyleugenol (< 0.039%) and estragole (< 0.027%) were detected in some batches of the additive. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the use of rosemary oil is very unlikely to induce adverse effects in long-living and reproductive animals and is of no safety concern for species for fattening at the following concentrations in complete feed: 18 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 20.8 mg/kg for laying hens, turkeys for fattening, pigs for fattening, piglets, sows, veal calves (milk replacer), cattle for fattening, sheep/goats, horses, dairy cows, rabbits, salmonids and dogs, 500 mg/kg for ornamental fish and 14.1 mg/kg for cats. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive is very unlikely to induce adverse effects at 14.1 mg/kg complete feed. No concerns for consumers and the environment were identified following the use of the additive up to the maximum proposed use level in feed. Regarding user safety, the essential oil under assessment should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. When handling the additive, exposure of unprotected users to methyleugenol and estragole may occur. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. Since the leaves of are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.
© 2025 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.
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Publication Date: 2025-10-17 PubMed ID: 41113548PubMed Central: PMC12531593DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9685Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research article evaluates the safety and effectiveness of an essential oil derived from Salvia rosmarinus (rosemary) when used as a feed additive for all animal species.
  • The study specifically assesses potential risks to animals, humans handling the additive, consumers, and the environment, concluding it is generally safe at specified doses with some precautions recommended for user safety.

Background and Purpose

  • The European Commission requested EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) to assess rosemary oil as a sensory additive for animal feed and drinking water.
  • The objective was to determine if rosemary oil is safe and effective across various animal species including farm animals, pets, and ornamental species.

Composition and Detection of Compounds

  • The essential oil is derived from the flowering aerial parts of Salvia rosmarinus (rosemary).
  • Two compounds—methyleugenol (<0.039%) and estragole (<0.027%)—were detected in some batches; these are substances of concern for toxicity and carcinogenicity in some contexts.

Safety Assessment for Animals

  • The EFSA FEEDAP Panel evaluated the risk of adverse effects for long-living and reproductive animals and species raised for meat (fattening) at specified dose levels.
  • Safe maximum concentrations identified for complete feed include:
    • 18 mg/kg for chickens for fattening
    • 20.8 mg/kg for laying hens, turkeys for fattening, pigs for fattening, piglets, sows, veal calves, cattle for fattening, sheep/goats, horses, dairy cows, rabbits, salmonids, and dogs
    • 500 mg/kg for ornamental fish
    • 14.1 mg/kg for cats
  • These values were extrapolated to physiologically related species, with a general safe level of 14.1 mg/kg feed for other species not specifically tested.
  • At or below these concentrations, rosemary oil is very unlikely to cause adverse effects in animals.

Safety for Consumers and the Environment

  • No concerns were identified regarding residues or environmental impact when rosemary oil is used up to the maximum proposed feed levels.
  • This suggests that animal products derived from treated animals are safe for human consumption.

User Safety Considerations

  • Rosemary essential oil is an irritant to skin and eyes, and can cause respiratory and dermal sensitization.
  • Exposure to methyleugenol and estragole may also occur during handling, both substances with potential toxicological concerns.
  • It is recommended to minimize exposure to personnel through protective measures such as gloves, masks, and proper ventilation.

Efficacy Assessment

  • The leaves of Salvia rosmarinus are already recognized as flavoring agents in human food.
  • Because the function as a flavoring agent in feed would be essentially the same, no additional studies were required to demonstrate the efficacy of rosemary oil as a sensory additive in animal feed.

Conclusions

  • Rosemary oil is safe for all tested animal species at established dose limits and pose no consumer or environmental safety concerns at those levels.
  • User safety risks are present but can be mitigated with appropriate handling precautions.
  • The additive’s ability to flavor animal feed is assumed based on its established use in food, confirming its efficacy without further trials.

Cite This Article

APA
Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, Marcon F, Nebbia C, Pechová A, Prieto-Maradona M, Röhe I, Theodoridou K, Bastos ML, Benfenati E, Brantom P, Chesson A, Schlatter J, Westendorf J, Manini P. (2025). Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of an essential oil derived from the flowering aerial parts of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. (rosemary oil) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl). EFSA J, 23(10), e9685. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9685

Publication

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority
ISSN: 1831-4732
NlmUniqueID: 101642076
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 23
Issue: 10
Pages: e9685
PII: e9685

Researcher Affiliations

Villa, Roberto Edoardo
    Azimonti, Giovanna
      Bonos, Eleftherios
        Christensen, Henrik
          Durjava, Mojca
            Dusemund, Birgit
              Gehring, Ronette
                Glandorf, Boet
                  Kouba, Maryline
                    López-Alonso, Marta
                      Marcon, Francesca
                        Nebbia, Carlo
                          Pechová, Alena
                            Prieto-Maradona, Miguel
                              Röhe, Ilen
                                Theodoridou, Katerina
                                  Bastos, Maria de Lourdes
                                    Benfenati, Emilio
                                      Brantom, Paul
                                        Chesson, Andrew
                                          Schlatter, Josef
                                            Westendorf, Johannes
                                              Manini, Paola

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                                                1. Villa RE, Azimonti G, Bonos E, Christensen H, Durjava M, Dusemund B, Gehring R, Glandorf B, Kouba M, López-Alonso M, Marcon F, Nebbia C, Pechová A, Prieto-Maradona M, Röhe I, Theodoridou K, Bastos ML, Benfenati E, Brantom P, Chesson A, Schlatter J, Westendorf J, Manini P. Safety and efficacy of feed additives consisting of rosemary tinctures obtained from the leaves of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).. EFSA J 2025 Oct;23(10):e9686.
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