Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Sero-surveillance of equine infectious anemia virus in equines in India during more than a decade (1999-2012).
Abstract: Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is a retroviral infection of horses. Horses infected by EIA virus (EIAV) become inapparent carriers that remain asymptomatic for the remainder of their life span and serve as infection source to other horses. In this study, agar gel immunodiffusion test and ELISA were used to investigate the presence of antibodies to EIAV in equines. A total of 67,042 equine serum samples from 19 states and two union territories were tested during April 1999 to September 2012. The results revealed that none of the animals were positive for antibodies to EIAV from 1999 to December 2009. However, two EIAV sero-positive cases one each from indigenous and thoroughbred equines were detected in 2010 and 2012, respectively. Occurrence of EIA after a long gap of 11 years is indicative of reemergence of EIA in India which warrants concerted efforts in nationwide surveillance and monitoring for detection and elimination of EIAV carrier animals to prevent EIA outbreak.
Publication Date: 2013-07-16 PubMed ID: 24426302PubMed Central: PMC3832704DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0142-3Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
- Diagnosis
- Disease control
- Disease Diagnosis
- Disease Etiology
- Disease Management
- Disease Outbreaks
- Disease Prevalence
- Disease Surveillance
- Disease Transmission
- Disease Treatment
- Epidemiology
- Equine Diseases
- Equine Health
- Equine Infectious Anemia
- Horses
- Infectious Disease
- Serological Surveys
- Seroprevalence
- Veterinary Care
- Veterinary Medicine
- Virus
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
This study looks at the detection efforts for Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), a viral infection in horses that can result in long-term carriers, in India over a period of over a decade. The research found no cases until 2010 and 2012, emphasising a potential reemergence of EIA and highlighting the importance of continued surveillance and elimination efforts.
About Equine Infective Anemia (EIA)
- EIA is a viral infection carried by horses. Those infected become long-term carriers, showing no symptoms but acting as a source of infection for other horses.
- Despite the asymptomatic nature of the disease in carriers, EIA can have severe consequences for horse populations and requires diligent monitoring and control measures.
The Study
- The researchers in this study used two key tests – agar gel immunodiffusion test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) – to detect the presence of antibodies that would indicate an EIA infection in horses.
- The study covered a large sample of over 67,000 horses from 19 states and two union territories in India, ranging from April 1999 to September 2012.
Findings
- Throughout this extensive testing period, from 1999 until the end of 2009, there were no cases of EIA detected in Indian horses.
- However, in 2010 and 2012, two cases were detected. One instance was found in an indigenous horse, while the other was in a thoroughbred. The presence of EIA after an 11-year hiatus is potentially indicative of a re-emergence of the disease.
Implications
- The potential reemergence of EIA in India illustrated by this study shows the importance of ongoing vigilance in detecting and eliminating carriers of the disease amongst horse populations.
- It also emphasises the need for nationwide surveillance programs in order to prevent outbreaks of EIA, given the silent carrier nature of the disease, and the potential for rapid spread if left unchecked.
Cite This Article
APA
Malik P, Singha H, Goyal SK, Khurana SK, Kumar R, Virmani N, Shanmugasundaram K, Pandey SB, Kant R, Singh BK, Singh RK.
(2013).
Sero-surveillance of equine infectious anemia virus in equines in India during more than a decade (1999-2012).
Indian J Virol, 24(3), 386-390.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-013-0142-3 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Veterinary Type Culture Collection, National Research Centre on Equines (NRCE), Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125 001 Haryana India.
- National Research Centre on Equines (NRCE), Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125 001 Haryana India.
- National Research Centre on Equines (NRCE), Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125 001 Haryana India.
- National Research Centre on Equines (NRCE), Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125 001 Haryana India.
- National Research Centre on Equines (NRCE), Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125 001 Haryana India.
- National Research Centre on Equines (NRCE), Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125 001 Haryana India.
- Veterinary Type Culture Collection, National Research Centre on Equines (NRCE), Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125 001 Haryana India.
- Government of Uttarakhand, Haldwani, Uttarakhand India.
- Government of Haryana, Manesar, Haryana India.
- National Research Centre on Equines (NRCE), Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125 001 Haryana India.
- National Research Centre on Equines (NRCE), Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125 001 Haryana India.
References
This article includes 15 references
- Cappelli K, Capomaccio S, Cook FR, Felicetti M, Marenzoni ML, Coppola G, Verini-Supplizi A, Coletti M, Passamonti F. Molecular detection, epidemiology, and genetic characterization of novel European field isolates of equine infectious anemia virus.. J Clin Microbiol 2011 Jan;49(1):27-33.
- Coggins L, Norcross NL, Nusbaum SR. Diagnosis of equine infectious anemia by immunodiffusion test.. Am J Vet Res 1972 Jan;33(1):11-8.
- Craigo JK, Montelaro RC. Equine infectious anemia virus (Retroviridae). Encyclopedia of virology 3. Oxford: Elsevier, Academic Press; 2008. pp. 167–174.
- Cullinane A, Quinlivan M, Nelly M, Patterson H, Kenna R, Garvey M, Gildea S, Lyons P, Flynn M, Galvin P, Neylon M, Jankowska K. Diagnosis of equine infectious anaemia during the 2006 outbreak in Ireland.. Vet Rec 2007 Nov 10;161(19):647-52.
- Hammond SA, Li F, McKeon BM Sr, Cook SJ, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC. Immune responses and viral replication in long-term inapparent carrier ponies inoculated with equine infectious anemia virus.. J Virol 2000 Jul;74(13):5968-81.
- Hayama Y, Kobayashi S, Nishida T, Nishiguchi A, Tsutsui T. Risk of equine infectious disease transmission by non-race horse movements in Japan.. J Vet Med Sci 2010 Jul;72(7):839-44.
- Malik P, Srivastava SK, Rattan B, Virmani N, Yadav MP. Surveillance and monitoring of bacterial and viral diseases in equines. Annual Report (NRCE) 1998–99. pp. 10–11.
- Murakami K, Konishi M, Kameyama K, Shibahara T. Detection of equine infectious anaemia virus in native Japanese ponies.. Vet Rec 2012 Jul 21;171(3):72.
- Nagarajan MM, Simard C. Detection of horses infected naturally with equine infectious anemia virus by nested polymerase chain reaction.. J Virol Methods 2001 May;94(1-2):97-109.
- Nagarajan MM, Simard C. Gag genetic heterogeneity of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) in naturally infected horses in Canada.. Virus Res 2007 Nov;129(2):228-35.
- Pagamjav O, Kobayashi K, Murakami H, Tabata Y, Miura Y, Boldbaatar B, Sentsui H. Serological survey of equine viral diseases in Mongolia.. Microbiol Immunol 2011 Apr;55(4):289-92.
- Quinlivan M, Cook RF, Cullinane A. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR and PCR assays for a novel European field isolate of equine infectious anaemia virus based on sequence determination of the gag gene.. Vet Rec 2007 May 5;160(18):611-8.
- Roberts H, Lopez M, Hartley M. International disease monitoring, October to December, 2010.. Vet Rec 2011 Feb 12;168(6):152-5.
- Uppal PK, Yadav MP. Occurrence of equine infectious anaemia in India.. Vet Rec 1989 May 13;124(19):514-5.
- Yadav MP, Rattan B, Malik P, Uppal PK. Equine infectious anaemia: national scenario and control in India. Livest Int 1998;2:12–13.
Citations
This article has been cited 4 times.- Alnaeem AA, Hemida MG. Surveillance of the equine infectious anemia virus in Eastern and Central Saudi Arabia during 2014-2016. Vet World 2019 May;12(5):719-723.
- Singha H, Goyal SK, Malik P, Khurana SK, Singh RK. Development, evaluation, and laboratory validation of immunoassays for the diagnosis of equine infectious anemia (EIA) using recombinant protein produced from a synthetic p26 gene of EIA virus. Indian J Virol 2013 Dec;24(3):349-56.
- Firdausy LW, Fikri F, Wicaksono AP, Çalışkan H, Purnama MTE. Global prevalence and risk factors of equine infectious anemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet World 2025 Jun;18(6):1440-1451.
- Carvelli A, Nardini R, Carnio A, Ricci I, Rosone F, Sala M, Simeoni S, Maccarone D, Scicluna MT. Equine Infectious Anaemia: The Active Surveillance of an Entire Equid Population Reduces the Occurrence of the Infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2024;2024:3439871.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists
