FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Serological Analysis of IgG and IgM Antibodies against Anapl...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2022; 12(19); 2723; doi: 10.3390/ani12192723

Serological Analysis of IgG and IgM Antibodies against Anaplasma spp. in Various Animal Species of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Abstract: Anaplasma genus infects the blood cells of humans and animals by biting, causing zoonotic anaplasmosis. However, limited data are available on carrier animals for Anaplasma spp. antibodies in the Qinghai−Tibetan Plateau Area. Therefore, a serological indirect ELISA diagnostic method based on the major surface protein 5 (MSP5), derived from Anaplasma phagocytophilum, was developed in this study to analyze both IgG and IgM antibodies of Anaplasma spp. in a total of 3952 animals from the Qinghai−Tibetan Plateau, including yaks (Bos grunniens), cows (Bos taurus), cattle (Bos taurus domesticus), Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries), horses (Equus ferus caballus), pigs (Sus domesticus), chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), donkeys (Equus asinus), stray dogs (Canis sp.), and stray cats (Felis sp.). The results showed that recombinant MSP5 protein was expressed and was successfully used to establish the indirect ELISA methods. The overall positivity for Anaplasma IgG and IgM antibodies was 14.6% (578/3952) and 7.9% (312/3952), respectively, and a total of 123 animals (3.1%) were both IgG- and IgM-positive. Moreover, the most prevalent Anaplasma IgG positivity was exhibited by donkeys (82.5%), followed by stray dogs, Tibetan sheep, pigs, chickens, horses, yaks, cows, cattle, and stray cats. The analysis for IgM antibody positivity revealed that IgM positivity was the most prevalent in the stray dogs (30.1%), followed by horses, yaks, Tibetan sheep, cows, stray cats, and cattle. Moreover, the results revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) at different altitudes in Anaplasma-specific IgG in the yaks, Tibetan sheep, and horses, and in IgM in the yaks and Tibetan sheep. In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate that yaks, cows, cattle, Tibetan sheep, horses, donkeys, stray dogs, stray cats, pigs, and chickens living in the Qinghai−Tibet Plateau are carrier animals for Anaplasma spp. IgG or IgM antibodies. The current findings provide valuable current data on the seroepidemiology of anaplasmosis in China and for plateau areas of the world.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-10-10 PubMed ID: 36230463PubMed Central: PMC9559258DOI: 10.3390/ani12192723Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper focused on investigating the prevalence of Anaplasma species antibodies in various animals in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau using a diagnostic method known as the serological indirect ELISA. The study found varying levels of these antibodies across different animal species, indicating that these animals could be carriers of the disease.

Methodology

  • The researchers used a diagnostic method known as serological indirect ELISA. This involves creating a synthetic version of a protein (MSP5) from the Anaplasma bacterium and seeing if antibodies in the animal’s blood bind to it, indicating exposure to the infection.
  • The study tested a total of 3952 animals across ten species: yaks, cows, cattle, Tibetan sheep, horses, pigs, chickens, donkeys, stray dogs, and stray cats.

Results

  • The study found that the overall positivity for Anaplasma IgG and IgM antibodies was 14.6% and 7.9%, indicating exposure to the bacterium.
  • Donkeys showed the highest prevalence of IgG positivity (82.5%), followed by stray dogs, Tibetan sheep, pigs, chickens, horses, yaks, cows, cattle, and stray cats.
  • Stray dogs had the most prevalent positivity for IgM antibodies followed by horses, yaks, Tibetan sheep, cows, stray cats, and cattle.
  • A total of 123 animals across the species were both IgG and IgM-positive.
  • Significant differences were found in the levels of Anaplasma-specific IgG in the yaks, Tibetan sheep, and horses, and in IgM, in the yaks and Tibetan sheep at different altitudes.

Conclusion

  • This research successfully demonstrated that many animals in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau carry Anaplasma antibodies, meaning they have been exposed to the infection and could potentially transmit it.
  • The findings contribute to our understanding of the epidemiology of anaplasmosis in China and other plateau regions globally.

Cite This Article

APA
Zhang J, Ma H, Ai J, Qi T, Kang M, Li J, Sun Y. (2022). Serological Analysis of IgG and IgM Antibodies against Anaplasma spp. in Various Animal Species of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Animals (Basel), 12(19), 2723. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192723

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 19
PII: 2723

Researcher Affiliations

Zhang, Jinchao
  • State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
  • College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
Ma, Hejia
  • State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
  • College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
Ai, Jingkai
  • State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
  • College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
Qi, Tongsheng
  • State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
  • College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
Kang, Ming
  • State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
  • College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
Li, Jixu
  • State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
  • College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
  • Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
Sun, Yali
  • State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
  • College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
  • Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogen Diagnosis for Animal Diseases and Green Technical Research for Prevention and Control, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.

Grant Funding

  • 2022-ZJ-940Q / Natural Science Foundation of Qinghai Province of China

Conflict of Interest Statement

We declare that we have no competing interest.

References

This article includes 42 references
  1. Anderson JF, Magnarelli LA. Biology of ticks.. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2008 Jun;22(2):195-215, v.
    doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2007.12.006pubmed: 18452797google scholar: lookup
  2. Baneth G. Tick-borne infections of animals and humans: a common ground.. Int J Parasitol 2014 Aug;44(9):591-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.03.011pubmed: 24846527google scholar: lookup
  3. Lagunova EK, Liapunova NA, Tuul D, Otgonsuren G, Nomin D, Erdenebat N, Abmed D, Danchinova GA, Sato K, Kawabata H, Khasnatinov MA. Co-infections with multiple pathogens in natural populations of Ixodes persulcatus ticks in Mongolia.. Parasit Vectors 2022 Jun 28;15(1):236.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05356-xpmc: PMC9238073pubmed: 35765092google scholar: lookup
  4. Rar V, Tkachev S, Tikunova N. Genetic diversity of Anaplasma bacteria: Twenty years later.. Infect Genet Evol 2021 Jul;91:104833.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104833pubmed: 33794351google scholar: lookup
  5. Battilani M, De Arcangeli S, Balboni A, Dondi F. Genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Anaplasma.. Infect Genet Evol 2017 Apr;49:195-211.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.01.021pubmed: 28122249google scholar: lookup
  6. Wang J, Kelly P, Zhang J, Shi Z, Song C, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Hao Y, Dong H, El-Mahallawy HS, Xiong W, Wang H, Li J, Zhang X, Wang C. Detection of Dirofilaria immitis antigen and antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi and Ehrlichia canis in dogs from ten provinces of China.. Acta Parasitol 2018 Jun 26;63(2):412-415.
    doi: 10.1515/ap-2018-0047pubmed: 29654675google scholar: lookup
  7. Laamari A, Azzag N, Tennah S, Derdour SY, China B, Boꯚllah R, Ghalmi F. Seroprevalence of Antibodies Against Anaplasma Phagocytophilum and Borrelia Burgdorferi in Horses (Equus Caballus) from Northern Algeria.. J Vet Res 2020 Sep;64(3):413-419.
    doi: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0045pmc: PMC7497754pubmed: 32984632google scholar: lookup
  8. Selim A, Attia KA, Alsubki RA, Albohairy F, Kimiko I, Said MB. The first study on the seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants and assessment of associated risk factors in North Egypt.. Vet World 2022 May;15(5):1221-1227.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1221-1227pmc: PMC9210854pubmed: 35765471google scholar: lookup
  9. Yan Y, Lu C, Gong P, Pei Z, Peng Y, Jian F, Wang R, Zhang L, Qi M, Ning C. Molecular detection and phylogeny of Anaplasma spp. closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum in small ruminants from China.. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022 Sep;13(5):101992.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101992pubmed: 35777304google scholar: lookup
  10. He Y, Chen W, Ma P, Wei Y, Li R, Chen Z, Tian S, Qi T, Yang J, Sun Y, Li J, Kang M, Li Y. Molecular detection of Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. in yaks (Bos grunniens) and Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China.. Parasit Vectors 2021 Dec 23;14(1):613.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-05109-2pmc: PMC8697493pubmed: 34949216google scholar: lookup
  11. Li J, Jian Y, Jia L, Galon EM, Benedicto B, Wang G, Cai Q, Liu M, Li Y, Ji S, Tumwebaze MA, Ma L, Xuan X. Molecular characterization of tick-borne bacteria and protozoans in yaks (Bos grunniens), Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) and Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area, China.. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020 Sep;11(5):101466.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101466pubmed: 32723655google scholar: lookup
  12. Qi Y, Ai L, Zhu C, Lu Y, Lv R, Mao Y, Lu N, Tan W. Co-existence of Multiple Anaplasma Species and Variants in Ticks Feeding on Hedgehogs or Cattle Poses Potential Threats of Anaplasmosis to Humans and Livestock in Eastern China.. Front Microbiol 2022;13:913650.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.913650pmc: PMC9226643pubmed: 35756069google scholar: lookup
  13. Elhamiani Khatat S, Daminet S, Kachani M, Leutenegger CM, Duchateau L, El Amri H, Hing M, Azrib R, Sahibi H. Anaplasma spp. in dogs and owners in north-western Morocco.. Parasit Vectors 2017 Apr 24;10(1):202.
    doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2148-ypmc: PMC5404288pubmed: 28438220google scholar: lookup
  14. Schäfer I, Kohn B. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in cats: A literature review to raise clinical awareness.. J Feline Med Surg 2020 May;22(5):428-441.
    doi: 10.1177/1098612X20917600pmc: PMC7787687pubmed: 32326861google scholar: lookup
  15. Saleem S, Ijaz M, Farooqi SH, Ghaffar A, Ali A, Iqbal K, Mehmood K, Zhang H. Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis 28 years later.. Microb Pathog 2018 Jun;119:1-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.001pubmed: 29626656google scholar: lookup
  16. Dzięgiel B, Adaszek Ł, Kalinowski M, Winiarczyk S. Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis.. Res Vet Sci 2013 Oct;95(2):316-20.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.05.010pubmed: 23790982google scholar: lookup
  17. Myczka AW, Szewczyk T, Laskowski Z. The Occurrence of Zoonotic Anaplasma phagocytophilum Strains, in the Spleen and Liver of Wild Boars from North-West and Central Parts of Poland.. Acta Parasitol 2021 Sep;66(3):1082-1085.
    doi: 10.1007/s11686-021-00368-6pmc: PMC8390417pubmed: 33770340google scholar: lookup
  18. Mason KL, Gonzalez MV, Chung C, Mousel MR, White SN, Taylor JB, Scoles GA. Validation of an improved Anaplasma antibody competitive ELISA for detection of Anaplasma ovis antibody in domestic sheep.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017 Sep;29(5):763-766.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638717709494pubmed: 28480803google scholar: lookup
  19. Bisen S, Aftab A, Jeeva K, Silamparasan M, Yadav S, Chandra D, Sankar M, Garg R, Raina OK. Molecular and serological detection of Anaplasma infection in carrier cattle in north India.. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021 Apr;24:100550.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100550pubmed: 34024367google scholar: lookup
  20. Noaman V, Sazmand A. Anaplasma ovis infection in sheep from Iran: molecular prevalence, associated risk factors, and spatial clustering.. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021 Dec 10;54(1):6.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-021-03007-4pubmed: 34890017google scholar: lookup
  21. Iqbal N, Mukhtar MU, Yang J, Sajid MS, Niu Q, Guan G, Liu Z, Yin H. First Molecular Evidence of Anaplasma bovis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Bovine from Central Punjab, Pakistan.. Pathogens 2019 Sep 17;8(3).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens8030155pmc: PMC6789598pubmed: 31533303google scholar: lookup
  22. Rajput ZI, Hu SH, Arijo AG, Habib M, Khalid M. Comparative study of Anaplasma parasites in tick carrying buffaloes and cattle.. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2005 Nov;6(11):1057-62.
    doi: 10.1631/jzus.2005.B1057pmc: PMC1390651pubmed: 16252338google scholar: lookup
  23. Ismail N, McBride JW. Tick-Borne Emerging Infections: Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis.. Clin Lab Med 2017 Jun;37(2):317-340.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cll.2017.01.006pubmed: 28457353google scholar: lookup
  24. Ndung'u LW, Aguirre C, Rurangirwa FR, McElwain TF, McGuire TC, Knowles DP, Palmer GH. Detection of Anaplasma ovis infection in goats by major surface protein 5 competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.. J Clin Microbiol 1995 Mar;33(3):675-9.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.3.675-679.1995pmc: PMC228012pubmed: 7538510google scholar: lookup
  25. Molloy JB, Bowles PM, Knowles DP, McElwain TF, Bock RE, Kingston TG, Blight GW, Dalgliesh RJ. Comparison of a competitive inhibition ELISA and the card agglutination test for detection of antibodies to Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale in cattle.. Aust Vet J 1999 Apr;77(4):245-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb11712.xpubmed: 10330556google scholar: lookup
  26. Aubry P, Geale DW. A review of bovine anaplasmosis.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011 Feb;58(1):1-30.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01173.xpubmed: 21040509google scholar: lookup
  27. Torioni de Echaide S, Knowles DP, McGuire TC, Palmer GH, Suarez CE, McElwain TF. Detection of cattle naturally infected with Anaplasma marginale in a region of endemicity by nested PCR and a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant major surface protein 5.. J Clin Microbiol 1998 Mar;36(3):777-82.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.36.3.777-782.1998pmc: PMC104624pubmed: 9508311google scholar: lookup
  28. Dreher UM, de la Fuente J, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Meli ML, Pusterla N, Kocan KM, Woldehiwet Z, Braun U, Regula G, Staerk KD, Lutz H. Serologic cross-reactivity between Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum.. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005 Oct;12(10):1177-83.
    doi: 10.1128/CDLI.12.10.1177-1183.2005pmc: PMC1247822pubmed: 16210480google scholar: lookup
  29. Alleman AR, Barbet AF, Sorenson HL, Strik NI, Wamsley HL, Wong SJ, Chandrashaker R, Gaschen FP, Luckshander N, Bjöersdorff A. Cloning and expression of the gene encoding the major surface protein 5 (MSP5) of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and potential application for serodiagnosis.. Vet Clin Pathol 2006 Dec;35(4):418-25.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2006.tb00158.xpubmed: 17123248google scholar: lookup
  30. Primo ME, Thompson CS, Valentini BS, Sarli M, Novoa MB, Mangold AJ, de Echaide ST. Development of a novel fusion protein with Anaplasma marginale and A. centrale MSP5 improved performance of Anaplasma antibody detection by cELISA in infected and vaccinated cattle.. PLoS One 2019;14(1):e0211149.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211149pmc: PMC6344023pubmed: 30673770google scholar: lookup
  31. Sarangi LN, Rana SK, Prasad A, Ponnanna NM, Sharma GK. Prevalence of antibodies to Anaplasma in cattle and buffaloes of different organized herds in India.. J Parasit Dis 2021 Jun;45(2):359-365.
    doi: 10.1007/s12639-020-01312-7pmc: PMC8254831pubmed: 34295034google scholar: lookup
  32. Rubel W, Schoneberg C, Wolf A, Ganter M, Bauer BU. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Anaplasma spp. in German Small Ruminant Flocks.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Sep 25;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11102793pmc: PMC8532635pubmed: 34679815google scholar: lookup
  33. Sarli M, Thompson CS, Novoa MB, Valentini BS, Mastropaolo M, Echaide IE, de Echaide ST, Primo ME. Development and evaluation of a double-antigen sandwich ELISA to identify Anaplasma marginale-infected and A. centrale-vaccinated cattle.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020 Jan;32(1):70-76.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638719892953pmc: PMC7003211pubmed: 31777316google scholar: lookup
  34. Li H, Zheng YC, Ma L, Jia N, Jiang BG, Jiang RR, Huo QB, Wang YW, Liu HB, Chu YL, Song YD, Yao NN, Sun T, Zeng FY, Dumler JS, Jiang JF, Cao WC. Human infection with a novel tick-borne Anaplasma species in China: a surveillance study.. Lancet Infect Dis 2015 Jun;15(6):663-70.
    doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)70051-4pubmed: 25833289google scholar: lookup
  35. Han R, Yang JF, Mukhtar MU, Chen Z, Niu QL, Lin YQ, Liu GY, Luo JX, Yin H, Liu ZJ. Molecular detection of Anaplasma infections in ixodid ticks from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.. Infect Dis Poverty 2019 Feb 7;8(1):12.
    doi: 10.1186/s40249-019-0522-zpmc: PMC6366118pubmed: 30728069google scholar: lookup
  36. de Echaide ST, Bono MF, Lugaresi C, Aguirre N, Mangold A, Moretta R, Farber M, Mondillo C. Detection of antibodies against Anaplasma marginale in milk using a recombinant MSP5 indirect ELISA.. Vet Microbiol 2005 Apr 10;106(3-4):287-92.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.12.026pubmed: 15778035google scholar: lookup
  37. Cao WC, Zhan L, He J, Foley JE, DE Vlas SJ, Wu XM, Yang H, Richardus JH, Habbema JD. Natural Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of ticks and rodents from a forest area of Jilin Province, China.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006 Oct;75(4):664-8.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.664pubmed: 17038691google scholar: lookup
  38. Jiang JF, Jiang BG, Yu JH, Zhang WY, Gao HW, Zhan L, Sun Y, Zhang XA, Zhang PH, Liu W, Wu XM, Xu RM, Cao WC. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks, China-Russia border.. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 May;17(5):932-4.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1705.101630pmc: PMC3321783pubmed: 21529418google scholar: lookup
  39. Cazan CD, Ionică AM, Matei IA, D'Amico G, Muñoz C, Berriatua E, Dumitrache MO. Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA and antibodies against Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Ehrlichia canis in a dog kennel in South-Central Romania.. Acta Vet Scand 2020 Aug 3;62(1):42.
    doi: 10.1186/s13028-020-00540-4pmc: PMC7398206pubmed: 32746875google scholar: lookup
  40. Zhang L, Liu H, Xu B, Lu Q, Li L, Chang L, Zhang X, Fan D, Li G, Jin Y, Cui F, Shi Y, Li W, Xu J, Yu XJ. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in domestic animals in ten provinces/cities of China.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012 Jul;87(1):185-9.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0005pmc: PMC3391048pubmed: 22764312google scholar: lookup
  41. Xia Z, Yu D, Mao J, Zhang Z, Yu J. The occurrence of Dirofilaria immitis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma phagocytophium in dogs in China.. J Helminthol 2012 Jun;86(2):185-9.
    doi: 10.1017/S0022149X11000198pubmed: 21729390google scholar: lookup
  42. Daniels TJ, Battaly GR, Liveris D, Falco RC, Schwartz I. Avian reservoirs of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis?. Emerg Infect Dis 2002 Dec;8(12):1524-5.
    doi: 10.3201/eid0812.010527pmc: PMC2738500pubmed: 12498679google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Paucar-Quishpe V, Berkvens D, Pérez-Otáñez X, Rodríguez-Hidalgo R, Cepeda-Bastidas D, Perez C, Guasumba Y, Balseca D, Villareal K, Chávez-Larrea MA, Enríquez S, Grijalva J, Vanwambeke SO, Saegerman C, Ron-Garrido L. What is the value of testing for tick-borne diseases in cattle in endemic areas? A case study of bovine anaplasmosis. PLoS One 2025;20(3):e0315202.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0315202pubmed: 40072965google scholar: lookup
  2. Abdoli A, Olfatifar M, Zaki L, Nikkhahi F, Fardsanei F, Sobhani S, Sadeghi H, Eslahi AV, Badri M. Global Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Cattle: A One Health Perspective, Meta-Analysis and Future Predictions (up to 2035). Vet Med Sci 2025 Mar;11(2):e70251.
    doi: 10.1002/vms3.70251pubmed: 39969156google scholar: lookup
  3. Nawaz M, Ullah R, Rehman ZU, Naeem M, Khan A, Bourhia M, Sohail MM, Ali T, Khan A, Hussain T, Iqbal F. Leading report of molecular prevalence of tick borne Anaplasma marginale and Theileria ovis in yaks (Bos grunniens) from Pakistan. Arch Microbiol 2024 Mar 11;206(4):149.
    doi: 10.1007/s00203-024-03916-6pubmed: 38466437google scholar: lookup
  4. Lagranha C, Morel N, Costa-Junior LM, Klafke G, Gallina T, Reck J. Does parity order or cow antibody level influence the humoral immunity of calves for cattle anaplasmosis?. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024 Feb 5;56(2):67.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-024-03916-0pubmed: 38316658google scholar: lookup
  5. Aleman M, Vedavally U, Pusterla N, Wensley F, Berryhill E, Madigan JE. Common and atypical presentations of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in equids with emphasis on neurologic and muscle disease. J Vet Intern Med 2024 Jan-Feb;38(1):440-448.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16964pubmed: 38038253google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.