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Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports2018; 14; 1-6; doi: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.07.009

Serological and molecular prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in Western Java, Indonesia.

Abstract: Equine piroplasmosis is an economically significant disease caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, which are tick-borne hemoprotozoan parasites. Infections with these parasite species had never been reported in horses in Indonesia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of T. equi and B. caballi in horses reared in parts of Western Java, Indonesia. Blood samples were collected randomly from 235 horses in four different districts (Bandung, Depok, Tangerang, and Bogor) in Western Java, Indonesia. Thin blood smears prepared from the sampled animals were stained by Giemsa and observed under a light microscope. Serum samples prepared from blood were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on recombinant forms of EMA-2 and BC48 antigens to determine the seroprevalence of T. equi and B. caballi, respectively. DNA samples extracted from the same blood samples were screened by EMA-2 and BC48 gene-based nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) assays for T. equi and B. caballi infections, respectively. Of 235 surveyed animals, five (2.1%) and 15 (6.4%) were seropositive for T. equi and B. caballi, respectively, whereas one and four horses were nPCR-positive for T. equi and B. caballi, respectively. All of the surveyed animals were negative for T. equi and B. caballi by microscopy. The T. equi EMA-2 and B. caballi BC48 gene fragments amplified by the nPCR assays were cloned, sequenced, and subjected to bioinformatic and phylogenetic analyses. The T. equi EMA-2 gene sequence from an Indonesian horse was identical to sequences from Florida and Washington strains and clustered together with these sequences in phylogeny. On the other hand, four Indonesian BC48 gene sequences shared 99.8-100% identity scores. This present study is the first to report T. equi and B. caballi in horses in Indonesia. Our findings highlight the need for monitoring horses in Indonesia for clinical piroplasmosis caused by T. equi and B. caballi.
Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2018-07-31 PubMed ID: 31014711DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.07.009Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research pertains to the identification and study of the prevalence of two tick-borne parasites in horses in Western Java, Indonesia. These parasites, Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, can cause a significant disease known as equine piroplasmosis.

Objectives and Methodology

  • The primary aim of this research study was to investigate the occurrence of T. equi and B. caballi parasitic infections in horses reared in Western Java, Indonesia.
  • Data for the study were collected from blood samples randomly sourced from 235 horses across four distinct districts – Bandung, Depok, Tangerang, and Bogor.
  • The researchers examined thin blood smear samples under a microscope after staining them with Giemsa.
  • The blood samples were also screened with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on EMA-2 and BC48 antigens to determine if there were T. equi and B. caballi respectively.
  • Further, nPCR – nested polymerase chain reaction assays were used to map the presence of T. equi and B. caballi infections in the DNA extracted from the blood samples of these horses.

Findings

  • The results showed that out of the total survey population, five (2.1%) and fifteen (6.4%) horses were found to be seropositive for T. equi and B. caballi respectively.
  • However, under the nPCR tests for T. equi and B. caballi, only one and four horses, respectively, were found to be positive.
  • The research did not find any instances of T. equi and B. caballi when observing the samples under the microscope.
  • The researchers then cloned, sequenced, and analyzed the amplified T. equi EMA-2 and B. caballi BC48 gene fragments.
  • The T. equi EMA-2 gene sequence from an Indonesian horse was found to have identical sequences matching the strains from Florida and Washington. These sequences were observed to be clustered together upon phylogenetic analysis.
  • Four Indonesian BC48 gene sequences also displayed similar traits, scoring 99.8-100% identity matches.

Conclusion

  • This study represents the first instance of T. equi and B. caballi being reported in horses in Indonesia.
  • The authors recommend a constant monitoring of horses for clinical piroplasmosis caused by these parasites given these findings.

Cite This Article

APA
Nugraha AB, Cahyaningsih U, Amrozi A, Ridwan Y, Agungpriyono S, Taher DM, Guswanto A, Gantuya S, Tayebwa DS, Tuvshintulga B, Sivakumar T, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. (2018). Serological and molecular prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in Western Java, Indonesia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports, 14, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.07.009

Publication

Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports
ISSN: 2405-9390
NlmUniqueID: 101680410
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 14
Pages: 1-6
PII: S2405-9390(18)30060-1

Researcher Affiliations

Nugraha, Arifin Budiman
  • National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, 16680 Indonesia.
Cahyaningsih, Umi
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, 16680 Indonesia.
Amrozi, Amrozi
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, 16680 Indonesia.
Ridwan, Yusuf
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, 16680 Indonesia.
Agungpriyono, Srihadi
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor, 16680 Indonesia.
Taher, Dharmawaty Muhammad
  • Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Program of Biology Education, Khairun University, Jl. Bandara Babullah, P.O. Box 53, Ternate 97728, North Maluku, Indonesia.
Guswanto, Azirwan
  • National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Balai Veteriner Subang (DIC Subang), Jl. Terusan Garuda 33/11 Blok Werasari Dangdeur, Subang 41212, Indonesia.
Gantuya, Sambuu
  • National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
Tayebwa, Dickson Stuart
  • National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
Tuvshintulga, Bumduuren
  • National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
Sivakumar, Thillaiampalam
  • National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
Yokoyama, Naoaki
  • National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
Igarashi, Ikuo
  • National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2-13 Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan. Electronic address: igarcpmi@obihiro.ac.jp.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Babesia
  • Babesiosis / blood
  • Babesiosis / epidemiology
  • DNA, Protozoan / blood
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horses / parasitology
  • Indonesia / epidemiology
  • Phylogeny
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Prevalence
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies

Citations

This article has been cited 7 times.
  1. Tan LP, Hamdan RH, Hassan BNH, Reduan MFH, Okene IA, Loong SK, Khoo JJ, Samsuddin AS, Lee SH. Rhipicephalus Tick: A Contextual Review for Southeast Asia. Pathogens 2021 Jun 30;10(7).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10070821pubmed: 34208961google scholar: lookup
  2. Tirosh-Levy S, Mazuz ML, Savitsky I, Pinkas D, Gottlieb Y, Steinman A. Serological and Molecular Prevalence of Babesia caballi in Apparently Healthy Horses in Israel. Pathogens 2021 Apr 8;10(4).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10040445pubmed: 33917822google scholar: lookup
  3. Tirosh-Levy S, Gottlieb Y, Fry LM, Knowles DP, Steinman A. Twenty Years of Equine Piroplasmosis Research: Global Distribution, Molecular Diagnosis, and Phylogeny. Pathogens 2020 Nov 8;9(11).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9110926pubmed: 33171698google scholar: lookup
  4. Onyiche TE, Taioe MO, Molefe NI, Biu AA, Luka J, Omeh IJ, Yokoyama N, Thekisoe O. Equine piroplasmosis: an insight into global exposure of equids from 1990 to 2019 by systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitology 2020 Nov;147(13):1411-1424.
    doi: 10.1017/S0031182020001407pubmed: 32741382google scholar: lookup
  5. Onyiche TE, Suganuma K, Igarashi I, Yokoyama N, Xuan X, Thekisoe O. A Review on Equine Piroplasmosis: Epidemiology, Vector Ecology, Risk Factors, Host Immunity, Diagnosis and Control. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019 May 16;16(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph16101736pubmed: 31100920google scholar: lookup
  6. Dao TTH, Szűts T, Duong NN, Troung DTQ, Solymosi N, Takács N, Hornok S, Farkas R. The first molecular detection of equine piroplasmosis in Vietnam and genetic characterization of three co-circulating genotypes of Theileria equi. Parasitol Res 2026 Feb 5;125(1):14.
    doi: 10.1007/s00436-026-08630-4pubmed: 41644779google scholar: lookup
  7. Qin S, Kulabieke T, Mizhamuhan D, Zhang M, Jin M, Abula G, Pi M, Wang H, Zhang Y, Guo Q. Molecular Prevalence and Genotypic Diversity of Theileria equi in Xinjiang, China, Based on Three Genes. Vet Sci 2025 Dec 25;13(1).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci13010027pubmed: 41600683google scholar: lookup
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