FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Braz J Vet Med / Serological evidence of Eastern equine encephalitis circulat...
Brazilian journal of veterinary medicine2021; 43; e001720; doi: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm001720

Serological evidence of Eastern equine encephalitis circulation in equids in Pará state, Brazil.

Abstract: Serum samples from 89 equids were analyzed (75 horses, 9 donkeys, and 5 mules) from the municipality of Viseu, Pará state, Brazil. Samples were collected in November 2014 and August 2015. The antibody prevalence against the following alphaviruses was estimated: Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Mucambo virus, and Mayaro virus. Seroprevalence was determined by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) technique. Sera that exhibited HI antibodies with heterotypic reactions for the analyzed viruses were subjected to the 90% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). The HI prevalence of monotypic reactions to EEEV was 7.9%, and that of WEEV was 1.1%, as confirmed by PRNT. Viral isolation attempts were negative for all tested blood samples. Our results suggest the circulation of equine encephalitis complex viruses. Future studies should evaluate the possible involvement of arthropod hosts and residents in the viral transmission in the study area. Foram analisadas amostras de soros de 89 equídeos (75 equinos, 9 asininos e 5 muares) oriundos do município de Viseu, estado do Pará. As amostras foram coletadas no período de novembro de 2014 e agosto de 2015. Foram estimadas as prevalências de anticorpos contra os seguintes Alfavírus: vírus da Encefalite equina leste (EEEV), vírus da Encefalite equina oeste (WEEV), vírus Mucambo (MUCV), and vírus Mayaro (MAYV). A soroprevalência foi determinada por técnicas de Inibição da Hemaglutinação (IH), porém os soros que apresentaram anticorpos IH com reações heterotípicas para os vírus analisados foram submetidos ao PRNT. A prevalência de reações monotípicas por IH para EEEV foi de 7, 9% e para WEEV foi de 1,1%, confirmadas por PRNT. A tentativa de isolamento viral foi negativa em todas as amostras de sangue testadas. Nossos resultados sugerem a circulação de vírus do complexo das encefalites equinas. Estudos futuros devem ser realizados para avaliar possível envolvimento de hospedeiros artrópodes e residentes na área de abrangência do estudo.
Copyright Sena et al.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-03-31 PubMed ID: 35749099PubMed Central: PMC9185993DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm001720Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates the circulation of Eastern equine encephalitis virus in equids (horses, donkeys, mules) in the Pará state of Brazil, with revealed evidence of the virus presence through serological testing.

Sample Collection and Analysis

  • The study involved analyzing serum samples from 89 equids, which included 75 horses, 9 donkeys, and 5 mules. These samples were drawn from the municipality of Viseu, located in the Pará state of Brazil.
  • Two rounds of sample collection were carried out, the first in November of 2014 and the second in August of 2015.

Methodology for Virus Detection

  • The study primarily used the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) technique to estimate the prevalence of antibodies against four alphaviruses. These were Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), Mucambo virus (MUCV), and Mayaro virus (MAYV).
  • Following the HI test, samples that showed heterotypic reactions (cross-reactivity or multiple reactions) for the analyzed viruses underwent a 90% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) to confirm the results.

Findings of the Study

  • The HI technique yielded some significant data. The prevalence of monotypic reactions, indicating a single virus reaction, for the EEEV was 7.9%, while for the WEEV, it was 1.1%. These results were further confirmed by performing the PRNT.
  • However, the researchers were unable to isolate the viruses from any of the blood samples tested, making the actual presence of the live virus in the tested subjects uncertain.

Implications and Recommended Future Research

  • Despite the inability to isolate viruses, the results of this study suggest the circulation of equine encephalitis complex viruses in the tested area.
  • To understand the transmission and spread of these viruses more precisely, the authors recommend further studies focusing on the possible involvement of arthropod hosts and humans residing in the studied areas.

Cite This Article

APA
Nunes JDSDSS, Casseb LMN, Guimarães RJPS, Reis WDM, de Barros BCV, Ferreira MS, Chiang JO, Pinheiro HHC, Vasconcelos PFDC, Cruz ACR. (2021). Serological evidence of Eastern equine encephalitis circulation in equids in Pará state, Brazil. Braz J Vet Med, 43, e001720. https://doi.org/10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm001720

Publication

Brazilian journal of veterinary medicine
ISSN: 2527-2179
NlmUniqueID: 9918435088106676
Country: Brazil
Language: English
Volume: 43
Pages: e001720
PII: e001720

Researcher Affiliations

Nunes, Josynélia do Socorro da Silva Sena
  • Veterinarian, MSc., Programa de Pós-Graduação em Virologia (PPGV), Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.
Casseb, Lívia Medeiros Neves
  • Veterinarian, DSc., Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, IEC, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.
Guimarães, Ricardo José de Paula Sousa
  • Biologist. DSc., Setor de Geoprocessamento, IEC, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.
Reis, Wilgner Duarte Magalhães
  • Graduate Student in Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual do Pará (UEPA), Marabá, PA, Brazil.
de Barros, Bruno de Cássio Veloso
  • Veterinarian, DSc., PPGV, IEC, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.
Ferreira, Milene Silveira
  • Biomedical Scientist, DSc, Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, IEC, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.
Chiang, Jannifer Oliveira
  • Biomedical Scientist, DSc, Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, IEC, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.
Pinheiro, Helder Henrique Costa
  • Dentist, DSc., Instituto Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil.
Vasconcelos, Pedro Fernando da Costa
  • Veterinarian, DSc., PPGV, IEC, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.
Cruz, Ana Cecília Ribeiro
  • Biomedical Scientist, DSc, Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, IEC, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Conflict of interests: JSSSN, LMNC, RJPSG, WDMR, BCVB, MSF, JOC, HHCP, PFCV, ACRC no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 36 references
  1. Aguiar D. M., Cavalcante G. T., Lara M. D. C. C. S. H., Villalobos E. M. C., Cunha E. M. S., Okuda L. H., Stéfano E. D., Nassar A. F. C., Souza G. O., Vasconcellos S. A., Labruna M. B., Camargo L. M. A., Gennari S. M.. Prevalência de anticorpos contra agentes virais e bacterianos em equinos do município de Monte Negro, Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 2008;45(4):269–276.
    doi: 10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2008.26685.google scholar: lookup
  2. Alvares C. A., Stape J. L., Sentelhas P. C., Gonçalves J. L. M., Sparovek G.. Koppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 2013;22(6):711–728.
    doi: 10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507google scholar: lookup
  3. Araújo F. A. A., Andrade M. A., Jayme V. S., Santos A. L., Romano A. P. M., Ramos D. G., Cunha E. M. S., Ferreira M. S., Lara M. C. C. S. H., Villalobos E. M. C., Martins L. C.. Anticorpos antialfavírus detectados em equinos durante diferentes epizootias de Encefalite Equina Paraíba 2009). Revista Brasileira de Ciência Veterinária 2012;19(1):80–85.
    doi: 10.4322/rbcv.2014.086.google scholar: lookup
  4. Barros C. S. L., Riet-Correa F., Schild A. L., Lemos R. A. A., Borges J. R. J.. Doenças de Ruminantes e Equídeos. 3a . Santa Maria: Pallotti; 2007. Encefalomielites Virais dos Equinos; pp. 103–106.
  5. Campos K. F., De Oliveira C. H. S., Reis A. B., Yamasaki E. M., Brito M. F., Andrade S. J. T., Duarte M. D., Barbosa J. D.. Surto de encefalomielite equina Leste na Ilha de Marajó, Pará. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 2013;33(4):443–448.
    doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2013000400005google scholar: lookup
  6. Casseb A. R., Brito T. C., Silva M. R. M., Chiang J. O., Martins L. C., Silva S. P., Henriques D. F., Casseb L. M. N., Vasconcelos P. F. C.. Prevalência de anticorpos para alphavirus em equinos do estado do Pará, Brasil. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 2016;83:1–5.
    doi: 10.1590/1808-1657000202014google scholar: lookup
  7. Catenacci LS, Ferreira M, Martins LC, De Vleeschouwer KM, Cassano CR, Oliveira LC, Canale G, Deem SL, Tello JS, Parker P, Vasconcelos PFC, Travassos da Rosa ES. Surveillance of Arboviruses in Primates and Sloths in the Atlantic Forest, Bahia, Brazil.. Ecohealth 2018 Dec;15(4):777-791.
    doi: 10.1007/s10393-018-1361-2pubmed: 30117001google scholar: lookup
  8. Causey O. R., Shope R. E., Sutmoller P., Laemmert H.. Epizootic eastern equine encephalitis in the Bragança region of Pará, Brazil. Revista do Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública 1962;12(1):39–45.
  9. Chen R, Mukhopadhyay S, Merits A, Bolling B, Nasar F, Coffey LL, Powers A, Weaver SC, Ictv Report Consortium. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Togaviridae.. J Gen Virol 2018 Jun;99(6):761-762.
    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001072pubmed: 29745869google scholar: lookup
  10. CLARKE DH, CASALS J. Techniques for hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition with arthropod-borne viruses.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1958 Sep;7(5):561-73.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1958.7.561pubmed: 13571577google scholar: lookup
  11. Cunha E. M. S., Villalobos E. M. C., Nassa A. F. C., Lara M. C. C. S. H., Peres N. F., Palazzo J. P. C., Silva A., De Stefano E., Pino F. A.. Prevalência de anticorpos contra agentes virais em equídeos no sul do estado de São Paulo. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 2009;76(2):165–171.
  12. Cupp EW, Klingler K, Hassan HK, Viguers LM, Unnasch TR. Transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in central Alabama.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003 Apr;68(4):495-500.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.495pmc: PMC2575747pubmed: 12875303google scholar: lookup
  13. Dégallier N., Travassos-da-Rosa A. P. A., Silva J. M. C., Rodrigues S. G., Vasconcelos P. F. C., Travassos da Rosa J. F. S., Silva G. P., Silva R. P.. As aves como hospedeiras de arbovírus na Amazônia brasileira. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 1992;8(1):69–109.
  14. Ferreira IB, Pereira LE, Rocco IM, Marti AT, de Souza LT, Iversson LB. Surveillance of arbovirus infections in the Atlantic Forest Region, State of São Paulo, Brazil. I. Detection of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in wild birds between 1978 and 1990.. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1994 May-Jun;36(3):265-74.
    doi: 10.1590/S0036-46651994000300011pubmed: 7855491google scholar: lookup
  15. Flores E. F.. Virologia Veterinária. 1a . Santa Maria: Editora UFSM; 2007. Togaviridae; pp. 595–611.
  16. Gibbs EP. Equine viral encephalitis.. Equine Vet J 1976 Apr;8(2):66-71.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1976.tb03293.xpubmed: 4301google scholar: lookup
  17. Gubler DJ, Kuno G, Sather GE, Velez M, Oliver A. Mosquito cell cultures and specific monoclonal antibodies in surveillance for dengue viruses.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1984 Jan;33(1):158-65.
    doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.158pubmed: 6364855google scholar: lookup
  18. Heinemann M. B., Souza M. C. C., Cortez A., Ferreira F., Homem V. S. F., Ferreira-Neto J. S., Soares R. M., Cunha E. M. S., Richtzenhain L. J.. Soroprevalência da encefalomielite equina do leste e do oeste no Município de Uruará, PA, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 2006;43(Supl):137–139.
    doi: 10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2006.26546.google scholar: lookup
  19. Igarashi A. Isolation of a Singh's Aedes albopictus cell clone sensitive to Dengue and Chikungunya viruses.. J Gen Virol 1978 Sep;40(3):531-44.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-40-3-531pubmed: 690610google scholar: lookup
  20. Lara M. C. C. S. H., Beghin G., Cunha E. M. S., Villalobos E. M. C., Nassar A. F. C., Bello A. C. P. P., Cunha A. P., Reis J. K. P., Leite R. C., Mori E.. Inquérito sorológico da infecção pelos vírus da encefalomielite equina no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 2014;51(1):37–41.
    doi: 10.11606/issn.2318-3659.v51i1p37-41google scholar: lookup
  21. Laroque P. O., Valença-Montenegro M. M., Ferreira D. R. A., Chiang J. O., Cordeiro M. T., Vasconcelos P. F. C., Silva J. C. R.. Levantamento soroepidemiológico para arbovírus em macaco-prego-galego de vida livre no Estado da Paraíba e em macaco-prego (Cebus libidinosus) de cativeiro do Nordeste do Brasil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 2014;34(5):462–468.
    doi: 10.1590/S0100-736X2014000500013google scholar: lookup
  22. Melo R. M., Cavalcanti R. C., Villalobos E. M. C., Cunha E. M. S., Lara M. C. C. S. H., Aguiar D. M.. Ocorrência de equídeos soropositivos para os vírus das Encefalomielites e Anemia Infecciosa no estado de Mato Grosso. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico 2012;79(2):169–175.
    doi: 10.1590/S1808-16572012000200004google scholar: lookup
  23. Mitchell CJ, Niebylski ML, Smith GC, Karabatsos N, Martin D, Mutebi JP, Craig GB Jr, Mahler MJ. Isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus from Aedes albopictus in Florida.. Science 1992 Jul 24;257(5069):526-7.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1321985pubmed: 1321985google scholar: lookup
  24. Onuma S. S. M., Chaves L. B., Lara M. C. C. S. H., May-Júnior J. A., Taques I. I. G. G., Fritzen J. T., Alfieri A. A., Ometto T., Durigon E. L., Araújo J., Kantek D. L. Z., Aguiar D. M.. Investigação sorológica e molecular de agentes virais em onças-pintadas de vida livre no Pantanal de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 2016;53(3):270–279.
    doi: 10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2016.108947.google scholar: lookup
  25. Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Campos Z, Juliano R, Velez J, Nogueira RM, Komar N. Serological evidence of widespread circulation of West Nile virus and other flaviviruses in equines of the Pantanal, Brazil.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 Feb;8(2):e2706.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002706pmc: PMC3923745pubmed: 24551266google scholar: lookup
  26. Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Juliano RS, Campos Z, Velez J, Nogueira RM, Komar N. Neutralising antibodies for Mayaro virus in Pantanal, Brazil.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015 Feb;110(1):125-33.
    doi: 10.1590/0074-02760140383pmc: PMC4371226pubmed: 25742272google scholar: lookup
  27. Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Tavares FN, Costa EV, Burlandy FM, Murta M, Pellegrin AO, Nogueira MF, Silva EE. Serologic evidence of the recent circulation of Saint Louis encephalitis virus and high prevalence of equine encephalitis viruses in horses in the Nhecolândia sub-region in South Pantanal, Central-West Brazil.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010 Sep;105(6):829-33.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762010000600017pubmed: 20945001google scholar: lookup
  28. Prates R. C., Serra M.. O impacto dos gastos do governo federal no desmatamento no Estado do Pará. Nova Economia 2009;19(1):95–116.
    doi: 10.1590/S0103-63512009000100005google scholar: lookup
  29. Scott TW, Weaver SC. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission.. Adv Virus Res 1989;37:277-328.
    doi: 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60838-6pubmed: 2574935google scholar: lookup
  30. Shope R. E.. The use of a micro hemagglutination inhibition test to follow antibody response after arthropod-borne virus infection in a community of forest animals (Publicado originalmente em 1963) (Memórias do Instituto Evandro Chagas, Vol. 7, pp. 175-189). Belém: Instituto Evandro Chagas; 2002.
  31. Shope RE, de Andrade AH, Bensabath G, Causey OR, Humphrey PS. The epidemiology of EEE WEE, SLE and Turlock viruses, with special reference to birds, in a tropical rain forest near Belem, Brazil.. Am J Epidemiol 1966 Nov;84(3):467-77.
    doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120659pubmed: 6005906google scholar: lookup
  32. Silva MLCR, Auguste AJ, Terzian ACB, Vedovello D, Riet-Correa F, Macário VMK, Mourão MPG, Ullmann LS, Araújo JP Jr, Weaver SC, Nogueira ML. Isolation and Characterization of Madariaga Virus from a Horse in Paraíba State, Brazil.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017 Jun;64(3):990-993.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.12441pmc: PMC4879107pubmed: 26608567google scholar: lookup
  33. Silva ML, Galiza GJ, Dantas AF, Oliveira RN, Iamamoto K, Achkar SM, Riet-Correa F. Outbreaks of Eastern equine encephalitis in northeastern Brazil.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011 May;23(3):570-5.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638711403414pubmed: 21908293google scholar: lookup
  34. Tauro L, Marino B, Diaz LA, Lucca E, Gallozo D, Spinsanti L, Contigiani M. Serological detection of St. Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus in equines from Santa Fe, Argentina.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012 Jun;107(4):553-6.
    doi: 10.1590/S0074-02762012000400019pubmed: 22666870google scholar: lookup
  35. Ten Broeck C., Merrill M. H.. A serological difference between the eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis virus. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1933;31(2):217–220.
    doi: 10.3181/00379727-31-7066Cgoogle scholar: lookup
  36. Vasconcelos PF, Da Rosa JF, Da Rosa AP, Dégallier N, Pinheiro Fde P, Sá Filho GC. [Epidemiology of encephalitis caused by arbovirus in the Brazilian Amazonia].. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1991 Nov-Dec;33(6):465-76.
    doi: 10.1590/S0036-46651991000600007pubmed: 1844977google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.