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Tropical animal health and production2022; 54(1); 60; doi: 10.1007/s11250-022-03069-y

Seroprevalence and immunological characterization of Trypanosoma evansi infection in livestock of four agro-climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh, India.

Abstract: Trypanosoma evansi, a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite, causes wasting disease called surra in wide range of animals. Although the organism has been reported from various parts of India, data generated from organized epidemiological study is still in infancy in majority states of India. In the present study, livestock of Himachal Pradesh, India, was targeted for epidemiological investigation of T. evansi infections. A total of 440 equines and 444 cattle serum samples were collected from four agro-climatic zones. Furthermore, serum samples of 280 buffaloes from three different agro-climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh were also collected and evaluated for the presence of T. evansi infection by indirect ELISA. Data generated showed higher prevalence in buffalo (23.57%) followed by cattle (22.52%) and equines (1.82%). Disease was found to be more prevalent (P < 0.01) in cattle of lower altitude as compared to those of higher altitudes. No significant variation was seen in prevalence of disease on the basis of age and sex of the animals. Serum biochemical analysis revealed increased levels of BUN in T. evansi-infected equines. Levels of liver function enzymes such as ALT/GGT and AST were found to be significantly elevated (P < 0.01) in seropositive animals whereas glucose levels were significantly lower in surra-seropositive animals as compared to seronegative animals. Immunoblot analysis of whole cell lysate (WCL) antigen of T. evansi using surra-seropositive samples of equines showed immunodominant bands in the range of 100-25 kDa. Bovine-seropositive samples recognized polypeptide bands in the range of 85-32 kDa, including protein clusters of 52-55 and 48-46 kDa. Polypeptide cluster of 62-66 kDa was found common in seropositive samples of bovines and equines from all agro-climatic zones. T. evansi was found to be highly prevalent in livestock of Himachal Pradesh, and thus, there is dire need for designing of proper control strategies against surra.
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.
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Publication Date: 2022-01-15 PubMed ID: 35034203PubMed Central: 6505846DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03069-yGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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The research focuses on assessing the prevalence and immunological characteristics of an infectious disease – Trypanosoma evansi in livestock across four climatic zones in Himachal Pradesh, India. It highlights disease presence, impact on liver functions and glucose levels, and the need for proper control strategies.

Study Purpose and Methodology

  • The study aimed to conduct an epidemiological investigation of Trypanosoma evansi infections in livestock in Himachal Pradesh, India.
  • Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan parasite causing a disease known as ‘surra’, leading to wasting in infected animals.
  • This investigation included collecting serum samples from 440 equines (horses, donkeys etc.), 444 cattle, and 280 buffaloes spread over four different agro-climatic zones.
  • The presence of the parasitic infection was detected by indirect ELISA, a standard laboratory procedure to measure the amount of antibodies generated in response to an infection.

Findings and Analysis

  • Based on the analysis, buffaloes showed the highest prevalence of the disease at 23.57%, followed by cattle at 22.52% and equines at 1.82%.
  • A statistically significant higher prevalence of surra was found in cattle living at lower altitudes than those at higher altitudes.
  • The disease prevalence didn’t show any significant variation based on the age or sex of the animals.
  • The biochemical analysis of serum samples revealed increased levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in infected equines, implying possible impacts on the kidney function.
  • Abnormally elevated levels of liver enzymes – ALT (Alanine transaminase), GGT (Gamma-glutamyl transferase), and AST (Aspartate transaminase) were found in affected animals, suggesting potential liver damage.
  • It was observed that animals with surra had significantly lower glucose levels as compared to those that were seronegative, or did not have surra.

Immunoblot Analysis and Implications

  • Immunoblot analysis, a technique to detect specific proteins, was performed using the whole cell lysate antigen of T. evansi
  • Samples from surra-affected equines showed immunodominant bands in the range of 100-25 kDa, while those from seropositive cows recognized protein bands in the range of 85-32 kDa.
  • A specific protein cluster of 62-66 kDa was found common in samples of both bovines and equines.
  • The high prevalence rates of T. evansi in various livestock species across multiple climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh underscore the need for devising effective control strategies against surra.

Cite This Article

APA
Sharma D, Gupta S, Sethi K, Kumar S, Kumar R. (2022). Seroprevalence and immunological characterization of Trypanosoma evansi infection in livestock of four agro-climatic zones of Himachal Pradesh, India. Trop Anim Health Prod, 54(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-022-03069-y

Publication

Tropical animal health and production
ISSN: 1573-7438
NlmUniqueID: 1277355
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 54
Issue: 1
Pages: 60

Researcher Affiliations

Sharma, Diksha
  • Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre On Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
Gupta, Snehil
  • Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
Sethi, Khushboo
  • Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre On Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
Kumar, Sanjay
  • Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre On Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
Kumar, Rajender
  • Parasitology Lab, ICAR-National Research Centre On Equines, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India. rkg.nrce@gmail.com.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Cattle
  • Cattle Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases
  • Horses
  • India / epidemiology
  • Livestock
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • Trypanosoma
  • Trypanosomiasis / epidemiology
  • Trypanosomiasis / veterinary

Grant Funding

  • F No 3(1)/2020-Budget- NRCE sub-scheme / Indian Council of Agricultural Research

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Gupta S, Vohra S, Sethi K, Gupta S, Bera BC, Kumar S, Kumar R. In vitro anti-trypanosomal effect of ivermectin on Trypanosoma evansi by targeting multiple metabolic pathways. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022 Jul 22;54(4):240.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-022-03228-1pubmed: 35869164google scholar: lookup
  2. Raftery AG, Gummery L, Garcia K, Mohite D, Capewell P, Sutton DGM. Equine trypanosomiasis, a systematic review and meta-analyses: Prevalence, morbidity and mortality. Equine Vet J 2026 Mar;58(2):291-319.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.70101pubmed: 41131780google scholar: lookup
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