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Viruses2022; 14(6); 1191; doi: 10.3390/v14061191

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Equine West Nile Virus Infections in Eastern Germany, 2020.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) infections were first detected in Germany in 2018, but information about WNV seroprevalence in horses is limited. The study's overall goal was to gather information that would help veterinarians, horse owners, and veterinary-, and public health- authorities understand the spread of WNV in Germany and direct protective measures. For this purpose, WNV seroprevalence was determined in counties with and without previously registered WNV infections in horses, and risk factors for seropositivity were estimated. The cohort consisted of privately owned horses from nine counties in Eastern Germany. A total of 940 serum samples was tested by competitive panflavivirus ELISA (cELISA), and reactive samples were further tested by WNV IgM capture ELISA and confirmed by virus neutralization test (VNT). Information about potential risk factors was recorded by questionnaire and analyzed by logistic regression. A total of 106 serum samples showed antibodies against flaviviruses by cELISA, of which six tested positive for WNV IgM. The VNT verified a WNV infection for 54 samples (50.9%), while 35 sera neutralized tick-borne encephalitis virus (33.0%), and eight sera neutralized Usutu virus (7.5%). Hence, seroprevalence for WNV infection was 5.8% on average and was significantly higher in counties with previously registered infections ( = 0.005). The risk factor analysis showed breed type (pony), housing in counties with previously registered infections, housing type (24 h turn-out), and presence of outdoor shelter as the main significant risk factors for seropositivity. In conclusion, we estimated the extent of WNV infection in the resident horse population in Eastern Germany and showed that seroprevalence was higher in counties with previously registered equine WNV infections.
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Publication Date: 2022-05-30 PubMed ID: 35746662PubMed Central: PMC9229339DOI: 10.3390/v14061191Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article focuses on studying the spread and risk factors related to West Nile Virus (WNV) infection in horses in Eastern Germany. The study analyzes the prevalence of the virus among horses, looking specifically at counties that have previously recorded instances of WNV infection.

Study Setup

  • The study aimed at understanding the extent and risk factors related to West Nile Virus (WNV) infection in the horse population in Eastern Germany where information about WNV prevalence had been limited. Its goals were to provide valuable insights to veterinarians, horse owners, and authorities for planning protective measures.
  • The research involved testing serum samples from privately-owned horses across nine different counties, some of which had prior reported cases of WNV. A total of 940 samples were analyzed using competitive panflavivirus ELISA (cELISA) technique.
  • Further investigation of reactively tested samples was conducted via methods such as WNV Immunoglobulin M (IgM) capture ELISA and virus neutralization test (VNT).
  • The study also collected data on possible risk factors via questionnaire, which were then assessed using statistical techniques like logistic regression. Risk factors considered included horse breed, housing conditions, locality, and the presence of outdoor shelter.

Study Findings

  • Out of the 940 serum samples tested, about 106 (or 11.2%) of the samples exhibited antibodies against flaviviruses via the cELISA method, and six (or 0.6%) were found to be WNV IgM positive.
  • Further validation via VNT confirmed WNV infection in 54 samples (approximately 50.9% of 106 samples). Additionally, 35 sera samples neutralized tick-borne encephalitis virus (33.0%), and eight samples neutralized Usutu virus (7.5%).
  • The average seroprevalence, or incidence of WNV infection, among the cohort was found to be approximately 5.8%.
  • The incidence rate was noticeably higher in counties which had previously reported instances of WNV.
  • Risk factor analysis indicated that horse breed (pony), housing in counties with previous WNV infections, housing type (being left outside for 24 hours), and presence of outdoor shelter were significant risk factors for WNV seropositivity.

Conclusions

  • The study concludes by providing an estimate of the WNV infection extent in the resident horse population in Eastern Germany, noting a higher prevalence in areas with previously recorded equine WNV infections.
  • It also highlighted breed type, housing conditions, and geographical location as significant risk factors for WNV infection.
  • This research thus contributes to better understanding and potentially managing the spread of WNV among the horse population in Germany.

Cite This Article

APA
Ganzenberg S, Sieg M, Ziegler U, Pfeffer M, Vahlenkamp TW, Hörügel U, Groschup MH, Lohmann KL. (2022). Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Equine West Nile Virus Infections in Eastern Germany, 2020. Viruses, 14(6), 1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061191

Publication

Viruses
ISSN: 1999-4915
NlmUniqueID: 101509722
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
PII: 1191

Researcher Affiliations

Ganzenberg, Stefanie
  • Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Sieg, Michael
  • Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Ziegler, Ute
  • Friedrich-Loeffler Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Pfeffer, Martin
  • Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Vahlenkamp, Thomas W
  • Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Hörügel, Uwe
  • Animal Diseases Fund Saxony, Pferdegesundheitsdienst, 01099 Dresden, Germany.
Groschup, Martin H
  • Friedrich-Loeffler Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
Lohmann, Katharina L
  • Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral
  • Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Immunoglobulin M
  • Risk Factors
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • West Nile virus

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

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