FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Veterinary medicine international2022; 2022; 2457772; doi: 10.1155/2022/2457772

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of African Horse Sickness in Three Agroecological Zones of Cameroon.

Abstract: African horse sickness (AHS), a highly fatal arbovirosis of equines is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. However, its epidemiology is poorly known in Cameroon. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence profile and risk factors of African horse sickness in Cameroon. Horse sera were subjected to the ELISA blocking test for the determination of antibodies against African horse sickness virus, and positive samples were submitted to capture ELISA to determine the presence of antigens. Potential risk factors associated with AHS were assessed based on the information collected in the field. The chi-square test and the odd ratio (OR) were used to test the association between serology and the different variables. Of the 336 sera obtained, 198 were positive for antibodies with a prevalence of 58.93% (CI: 53.67-64.19). From the 198 positive sera to antibodies, only one revealed positivity to antigens with a prevalence of 0.51% (CI: 0-1.5). Agroecological zone I (94.31%, CI: 91.83-96.79, OR: 34.92) was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the higher risk of disease dissemination than agroecological zone II (66.67%, CI: 61.63-71.71, OR: 4.21) and agroecological zone III (32.18%, CI: 27.18-37.18; OR: 1). Males (63.59%, CI: 58.44-68.74, OR: 1) were significantly (p < 0.05) affected than females (50.42%, CI: 45.07-55.77; OR: 0.58). Horses of more than 8 years (76.00%, CI: 71.43-80.57) were significantly (p < 0.05) at risk than young animals of less than 3 years old (32.14%, CI: 27.15-37.13, OR: 0.15). This study highlights a high seroprevalence of antibodies of African horse sickness in Cameroon. Agroecological zone, age, and the importation of horses were highly associated with the distribution of disease at the national level.
Copyright © 2022 Mohamed M. F. Ndebé et al.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-05-14 PubMed ID: 35607421PubMed Central: PMC9124128DOI: 10.1155/2022/2457772Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates the prevalence and risk factors of African horse sickness (AHS) in three agroecological zones within Cameroon. The results indicate a high occurrence of antibodies related to AHS in horse populations, with certain areas, older horses, and imported horses having greater risk.

Methods of Study

  • The study employed serological tests (tests of blood serum) on horses through the use of the ELISA blocking test, which is utilized to detect antibodies against the African horse sickness virus.
  • Positive samples were later analyzed with a capture ELISA to identify the presence of antigens, substances that would indicate an active infection.
  • Risk factors related to AHS were identified based on data collected from horses in the field.
  • The chi-square test and the odd ratio (OR) were applied as statistical tools to ascertain the association between serological results and various defined variables.

Findings of the Study

  • Out of 336 horse sera collected, 198 tested positive for antibodies against AHS. This translates to a prevalence of 58.93%.
  • However, only one sample from the 198 positive antibody results showed presence of antigens, which indicates an active infection. This represents a very low prevalence rate of 0.51%.

Risk Factors

  • The study found that agroecological Zone I had a high risk factor (94.31%, OR: 34.92) for disease dissemination, followed by Zone II (66.67%, OR: 4.21) and Zone III (32.18%, OR: 1).
  • Male horses were more affected (63.59%, OR: 1) than females (50.42%, OR: 0.58).
  • Older horses, specifically those over 8 years old, had a higher risk (76.00%) compared to horses less than 3 years old (32.14%, OR: 0.15).
  • Importation of horses also emerged as a significant risk factor in the spread of the disease.

Conclusions of the Study

The study highlights high seroprevalence, or the level of a pathogen in a population as measured in blood serum, of AHS antibodies in Cameroon, while indicating that the actual active disease incidence might be quite low. It also corroborates the fact that agroecological areas, age of the horses and importation are influential factors for the disease’s distribution on a national scale.

Cite This Article

APA
Ndebé MMF, Mouiche MMM, Moffo F, Poueme RNS, Awah-Ndukum J. (2022). Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of African Horse Sickness in Three Agroecological Zones of Cameroon. Vet Med Int, 2022, 2457772. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2457772

Publication

Veterinary medicine international
ISSN: 2090-8113
NlmUniqueID: 101524203
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 2022
Pages: 2457772

Researcher Affiliations

Ndebé, Mohamed M F
  • Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Bangangté Polyvalent Station, P.O. Box 222, Bangangté, Cameroon.
  • Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, B.P. 222, Dschang, Cameroon.
Mouiche, Mohamed M M
  • School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
Moffo, Frédéric
  • School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
Poueme, Rodrigue N S
  • National Veterinary Laboratory, Garoua, Cameroon.
Awah-Ndukum, Julius
  • Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, B.P. 222, Dschang, Cameroon.
  • Department of Animal Production Technology, College of Technology, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 38 references
  1. Zientara S, Lecollinet S, Daix C. Fiche Maladie du RESPE (Réseau d’Epidémiosurveillance en Pathologie Equine). 2014. Peste equine; p. p. 2. , Saint-Contest, France.
  2. Mc Intosch B M. Immunological types of African horse sickness virus and their significance in immunization. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 1958;27:465–539.
  3. OIE. African horse sickness. Terestrial Manual 2017;13.
  4. Burrage T G, Laegreid W W. African horsesickness: pathogenesis and immunity. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 1994;17(3-4):275–285.
    doi: 10.1016/0147-9571(94)90047-7pubmed: 8001349google scholar: lookup
  5. Bazarusanga T. Contribution à l’étude de l’épidémiosurveillance de la peste équine au Sénégal: Enquêtes sérologiques dans les zones de Rufisque, Kaffrine et Dahra. 1995.
  6. USAHA-Committee on Foreign and Emerging Diseases. Foreign Animal Diseases. 7th. St. Joseph, MO, USA: United States Animal Health Association; 2008.
  7. USDA-Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) Manual. African Horse Sickness Overview of Etiology and Ecology. Washington, D.C., USA: United States Departement of Agriculture; 2013.
  8. Ndiaye O. Epidémiologie de la peste équine au Sénégal: cas de l’épizootie de 2007. 2010.
  9. Fall S. Ecologie et lutte contre les culicoïdes vecteurs de la peste équine et de la fièvre catarrhale ovine au Sénégal. 2015.
  10. Lafon M. La peste équine: un risque pour la France?. La dépêche du Vétérinaire N 2009;1054.
  11. Bourdin P, Laurent A. Note sur l’écologie de la peste équine africaine (PEA). Revue d’élevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 1974;27(2):163–168.
    doi: 10.19182/remvt.7960pubmed: 4619907google scholar: lookup
  12. Diouf N D. Potentiel rôle épidémiologique du Delta du fleuve Sénégal et impact des arboviroses dans la population équine: cas de la fièvre West Nile et de la peste équine. 2013.
  13. CFSPH. African Horse Sickness. The Center For Security and Public Health 2015;6.
  14. Mornet G. Les maladies animales à virus. La peste équine. L’expansion Editeur 1968;195(476).
  15. Stern A W. African Horse Sickness. Compendium: Continuing Education for Veterinarians 2011;5.
    pubmed: 0
  16. AFSCA-Santé Animale. Peste equine. 2015:p. 4.
  17. Barrier I. Peste équine. Les Maladies Réputées Contagieuses exotiques. Association Vétérinaire Equine Française, France 2011;7.
  18. Zientara S. Epidémiologie moléculaire du virus de la peste équine: étude de la diversité génomique des souches par amplification génique, séquençage et comparaison de séquence du fragment 10. 1995.
  19. Mellor P S, Hamblin C. African horse sickness. Veterinary Research 2004;35(4):445–466.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres:2004021pubmed: 15236676google scholar: lookup
  20. Baylis M, Mellor P S, Meiswinkel R. Horse sickness and ENSO in South Africa. Nature 1999;397(6720):p. 574.
    doi: 10.1038/17512pubmed: 10050850google scholar: lookup
  21. Zientara S, Sailleau C, Crucière C. Use of reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and dot-blot hybridisation for the detection and identification of African horse sickness virus nucleicacids. African Horse Sickness 1998;4:317–327.
    doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6823-3_28pubmed: 9785517google scholar: lookup
  22. Ehizibolo1 D O, Nwokike E C, Wungak Y, Meseko C A. Detection of African horse sickness virus antibodies by ELISA in sera collected from unvaccinated horses in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. Revue d’élevage et de médecine véterinaire des pays tropicaux 2014;64(2):73–75.
  23. Staeuber N, Fye B, Zinsstag J, McCullough K C. Seroepidemiological study of African horse sickness virus in the Gambia. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1993;31(8):2241–2243.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.8.2241-2243.1993pmc: PMC265735pubmed: 8370760google scholar: lookup
  24. Ende H, Habtamu T, Endale B G, Kassaw A, Daniel G. Seroprevalence of African horse sickness at central highland of Ethiopia. International Journal for Agro Veterinary and Medical Sciences 2015;9(4):139–148.
  25. MINERESI (Ministère de la Recherche Scientifique et de l’Innovation). Deuxième Rapport Annuel sur l’état des Ressources Phytogénétiques pour l’Alimentation et l’Agriculture au Cameroun. Yaoundé, Cameroun: Institut de Recherche Agronomique pour le développement; 2008.
  26. Thrusfield M. Veterinary Epidemiology. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Blackwell Publishing Company; 2007. p. p. 626.
  27. Yasarol S. Note bibliographique sur les arthropodes porteurs du virus de la peste équine en Turquie. Revue d’Élevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 1962;3:306–308.
  28. OIE. Peste équine Africaine. Manuel Terrestre Chapitre 2.5.1. 2008;16.
  29. Perie P, Chermette R, Millemann Y, Zientara S. Les Culicoides,Diptères hématophages vecteurs de la fièvre catarrhale du mouton Culicoides, hematophagous Diptera vectors of Bluetongue disease. Bulletin Academie Vétérinaire-France, Tome 2005;58:p. 3.
  30. Wittmann E J. Temperature and the transmission of Arboviruses by culicoides Biting Midges. 2000; p. p. 178.
  31. de Klerk M, Laing M M, Ekwana C Q, Mabelane M N. The 2015 African horse sickness season: final report. 2015;16.
  32. Meiswinkel R, Baylis M. Morphological confirmation of the separate species status of Culicoides (Avarita) nudipalpis Delfinado, 1961 and C. (A.) imicola Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 1998;65:9–16.
    pubmed: 9629585
  33. Bitew M, Andargie A, Bekele M, Jenberie S G E. Serological survey of African horse sickness in selected districts of Jimma zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2011;43(8):1543–1547.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-011-9839-8pubmed: 21465102google scholar: lookup
  34. Zientara S, Lecollinet S, Leconnet S. African horse sickness. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’OIE 2015;34(2):315–327.
    doi: 10.20506/rst.34.2.2359pubmed: 26601437google scholar: lookup
  35. Oura C A L, Ivens P A S, Bachanek-bankowska K, Bin-Tarif A D B C S P C C A. African horse sickness in the Gambia: circulation of a live-attenuated vaccine-derived strain. Epidemiology and Infection 2011;140(3):462–465.
    doi: 10.1017/s095026881100080xpubmed: 21733265google scholar: lookup
  36. Kettle D S. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2nd. CAB International, Oxon, UK; 1995.
  37. Adeyefa C A O. Diagnostic rapide de la peste équine. Revue d’Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux 1996;49(4):295–298.
    doi: 10.19182/remvt.9499pubmed: 9239936google scholar: lookup
  38. Weyer C T. African Horse Sickness Virus Dynamics and Host Responses in Naturally Infected Horses. 2010.

Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.