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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Res / Seroprevalence of West Nile, Usutu and tick-borne encephalit...
Veterinary research2025; 56(1); 91; doi: 10.1186/s13567-025-01508-w

Seroprevalence of West Nile, Usutu and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in equids from south-western France in 2023.

Abstract: The circulation of West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was investigated in south-western France during the first six months of 2023, following the emergence of WNV in equids in Gironde, a département in south-western France, in 2022. Blood samples were collected from 494 horses located in the Gironde département and divided into three zones: the Confluence zone, the Intermediate zone and the Arcachon Basin. Samples were tested for WNV-, USUV- and TBEV-specific antibodies. An overall seroprevalence of 14% (95% CI [11-18%]) for orthoflavivirus antibodies was detected in Gironde. The highest seroprevalence rates for WNV and USUV were observed in the Confluence Zone (9%, 95% CI [6-13%] and 5%, 95% CI [3-8%], respectively), where the type of housing (animals kept in pasture only) and proximity to a special bird protection area were identified as risk factors for WNV seropositivity. This study presents the first seroprevalence investigation of WNV, USUV and TBEV infections in equids located on the Atlantic coast of France and demonstrates intense circulation of WNV in this region, as well as evidence of equine USUV-specific infection.
© 2025. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2025-04-24 PubMed ID: 40275349PubMed Central: PMC12023385DOI: 10.1186/s13567-025-01508-wGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigated the presence of antibodies against West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in horses from south-western France in 2023.
  • It identified that WNV and USUV are actively circulating among equids in this region, especially in specific geographic zones with certain environmental risk factors.

Background and Purpose

  • West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) are viruses transmitted by arthropods (mosquitoes for WNV and USUV; ticks for TBEV) that cause disease in humans and animals, including horses.
  • In 2022, WNV cases were reported in horses in the Gironde département in south-western France, prompting further monitoring of virus circulation in the area.
  • The study aimed to detect the presence of antibodies specific to these viruses in horses to assess exposure and circulation in the region during the first half of 2023.

Methods

  • Blood samples were collected from 494 horses across three zones within Gironde: the Confluence zone, the Intermediate zone, and the Arcachon Basin.
  • Serological tests were performed on these samples to detect antibodies specific to WNV, USUV, and TBEV, indicating prior infection or exposure.
  • The study also examined possible risk factors related to the horses’ environment and housing conditions.

Key Findings

  • An overall seroprevalence of 14% for orthoflavivirus antibodies (which include WNV and USUV) was detected across Gironde, indicating substantial exposure.
  • The highest seroprevalence rates for WNV (9%) and USUV (5%) were found in the Confluence zone.
  • Risk factors for WNV seropositivity in this zone included:
    • Horses being kept exclusively in pasture (which likely increases exposure to mosquito vectors).
    • Proximity to a designated bird protection area, suggesting that the local bird population might be a reservoir or amplifying hosts for the viruses.
  • This study provided the first data on seroprevalence of these viruses in equids located on the Atlantic coast of France.

Implications

  • The findings prove that WNV is actively circulating among horses in south-western France, especially in certain high-risk areas.
  • The study also demonstrates that USUV infections occur in horses in this region, pointing to a broader spread of orthoflaviviruses.
  • Understanding seroprevalence and environmental risk factors can help target surveillance and prevention efforts for these viruses, which pose health risks to animals and humans.
  • These results highlight the importance of ongoing monitoring of arboviruses in wildlife and domestic animals to track emerging infectious diseases.

Cite This Article

APA
Chevalier N, Migné CV, Mariteragi-Helle T, Dumarest M, De Mas M, Chevrier M, Queré E, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Lupo C, Bigeard C, Touzet T, Leblond A, Durand B, Depecker M, Gonzalez G. (2025). Seroprevalence of West Nile, Usutu and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in equids from south-western France in 2023. Vet Res, 56(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-025-01508-w

Publication

Veterinary research
ISSN: 1297-9716
NlmUniqueID: 9309551
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 56
Issue: 1
Pages: 91
PII: 91

Researcher Affiliations

Chevalier, Noémie
  • Clinique de Conques, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Équin, 33420, Saint-Aubin-de-Branne, France.
Migné, Camille V
  • UMR Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France. Camille.migne@anses.fr.
Mariteragi-Helle, Teheipuaura
  • UMR Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Dumarest, Marine
  • UMR Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
De Mas, Margaux
  • École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 31300, Toulouse, France.
Chevrier, Manon
  • UMR Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Queré, Emilie
  • Écolecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Maisons-Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Marcillaud-Pitel, Christel
  • RESPE (French Network for the Surveillance of Equine Diseases), 14280, Saint-Contest, France.
Lupo, Coralie
  • RESPE (French Network for the Surveillance of Equine Diseases), 14280, Saint-Contest, France.
Bigeard, Clément
  • UMR Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
  • UMR EPIA (Épidémiologiepidémiologie des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques), INRAE, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France.
Touzet, Thierry
  • Direction Départementale de La Protection des Populations de Gironde, 33520, Bruges, France.
Leblond, Agnès
  • UMR EPIA (Épidémiologiepidémiologie des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques), INRAE, Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, 69280, Marcy L'Etoile, France.
Durand, Benoît
  • EPIMIM, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Anses, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
Depecker, Marianne
  • Clinique de Conques, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Équin, 33420, Saint-Aubin-de-Branne, France.
Gonzalez, Gaëlle
  • UMR Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France. gaelle.gonzalez@anses.fr.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • France / epidemiology
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • Horses
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne / isolation & purification
  • West Nile virus / isolation & purification
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / virology
  • Encephalitis, Tick-Borne / epidemiology
  • Encephalitis, Tick-Borne / veterinary
  • Encephalitis, Tick-Borne / virology
  • Flavivirus Infections / veterinary
  • Flavivirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Flavivirus Infections / virology
  • Flavivirus / isolation & purification
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • Male
  • Female

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Clinical Research (ComERC) of the Veterinary School of Alfort (EnVA) (Agreement number: 2023–06-23). Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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