FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of veterinary science2018; 19(5); 676-682; doi: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.676

Speckle-tracking analysis of myocardial deformation in correlation to age in healthy horses.

Abstract: An effect of aging on cardiac morphology and function has been shown in humans. In horses, cardiac wall motion analysis using two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-ST) has not yet been reported. Our study included 57 horses of different warmblood breeds between 3 and 30 years old. Age had a significant influence on left ventricular free wall (LVFW) systolic strain rate ( ≤ 0.05) and early diastolic relaxation ( ≤ 0.01). In the interventricular septum (IVS), systolic ( ≤ 0.01) and late diastolic ( ≤ 0.05) contraction velocities also increased with age. In our study, 2D-ST revealed important information on myocardial function, which was most evident in the LVFW, where measurements were highly reproducible. Aging seems to be associated with structural changes within the myocardium and with decreasing contraction capacity in old animals. These physiological, age-related processes should be considered when performing cardiac wall motion analysis of the 2D-ST results for the LVFW and IVS in horses.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2018-04-27 PubMed ID: 29695144PubMed Central: PMC6167342DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.676Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The article presents research into how aging impacts cardiac health in horses, focusing particularly on the left ventricular free wall and the interventricular septum. Using two-dimensional speckle tracking, the research shows that aging increases systolic strain rate and early diastolic relaxation in the heart.

Overview of the Research

  • The research examined cardiac morphology and function in relation to age in horses, building upon previous findings in similar human studies.
  • 57 horses of various warmblood breeds were included, aged between 3 and 30 years old.
  • The teams used two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-ST), a tool used for cardiac wall motion analysis. This technology has not been previously reported on within this context.

Cardiac Changes With Age

  • The study found significant effects of aging on two particular aspects of cardiac function in the horses, namely the left ventricular free wall (LVFW) and the interventricular septum (IVS).
  • For the LVFW, there was a notable increase in both the systolic strain rate (significance level ≤ 0.05) and the rate of early diastolic relaxation (significance level ≤ 0.01) with aging.
  • In the IVS, increases were observed in both the systolic contraction velocities (significance level ≤ 0.01) and the late diastolic contraction velocities (significance level ≤ 0.05).

Implications and Conclusions

  • The 2D-ST revealed significant information concerning myocardial function, particularly noticeable in the LVFW where measurements were easily reproducible.
  • According to the research, aging appears to be linked with structural changes within the heart muscle, and this is associated with a decreasing contraction capacity in older animals.
  • This novel understanding of the physiological, age-related processes in equine cardiac health should be taken into account when performing cardiac wall motion analysis, especially when reviewing 2D-ST results for the LVFW and IVS in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Gehlen H, Bildheim LM. (2018). Speckle-tracking analysis of myocardial deformation in correlation to age in healthy horses. J Vet Sci, 19(5), 676-682. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2018.19.5.676

Publication

Journal of veterinary science
ISSN: 1976-555X
NlmUniqueID: 100964185
Country: Korea (South)
Language: English
Volume: 19
Issue: 5
Pages: 676-682

Researcher Affiliations

Gehlen, Heidrun
  • Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
Bildheim, Lisa-Marie
  • Equine Clinic, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.

MeSH Terms

  • Aging
  • Animals
  • Echocardiography / veterinary
  • Female
  • Horses / physiology
  • Male
  • Myocardium / pathology
  • Ventricular Function, Left

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 35 references
  1. Amundsen BH, Helle-Valle T, Edvardsen T, Torp H, Crosby J, Lyseggen E, Støylen A, Ihlen H, Lima JA, Smiseth OA, Slørdahl SA. Noninvasive myocardial strain measurement by speckle tracking echocardiography: validation against sonomicrometry and tagged magnetic resonance imaging.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006 Feb 21;47(4):789-93.
    pubmed: 16487846doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.040google scholar: lookup
  2. Artis NJ, Oxborough DL, Williams G, Pepper CB, Tan LB. Two-dimensional strain imaging: a new echocardiographic advance with research and clinical applications.. Int J Cardiol 2008 Jan 24;123(3):240-8.
    pubmed: 17477993doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.02.046google scholar: lookup
  3. Castro PL, Greenberg NL, Drinko J, Garcia MJ, Thomas JD. Potential pitfalls of strain rate imaging: angle dependency.. Biomed Sci Instrum 2000;36:197-202.
    pubmed: 10834232
  4. Cho GY, Chan J, Leano R, Strudwick M, Marwick TH. Comparison of two-dimensional speckle and tissue velocity based strain and validation with harmonic phase magnetic resonance imaging.. Am J Cardiol 2006 Jun 1;97(11):1661-6.
    pubmed: 16728234doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.063google scholar: lookup
  5. Dalen H, Thorstensen A, Aase SA, Ingul CB, Torp H, Vatten LJ, Stoylen A. Segmental and global longitudinal strain and strain rate based on echocardiography of 1266 healthy individuals: the HUNT study in Norway.. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010 Mar;11(2):176-83.
    pubmed: 19946115doi: 10.1093/ejechocard/jep194google scholar: lookup
  6. Decloedt A, Verheyen T, Sys S, De Clercq D, van Loon G. Quantification of left ventricular longitudinal strain, strain rate, velocity, and displacement in healthy horses by 2-dimensional speckle tracking.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 Mar-Apr;25(2):330-8.
    pubmed: 21382074doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0663.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  7. Decloedt A, Verheyen T, Sys S, De Clercq D, van Loon G. Two-dimensional speckle tracking for quantification of left ventricular circumferential and radial wall motion in horses.. Equine Vet J 2013 Jan;45(1):47-55.
    pubmed: 22339797doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00549.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  8. D'hooge J, Heimdal A, Jamal F, Kukulski T, Bijnens B, Rademakers F, Hatle L, Suetens P, Sutherland GR. Regional strain and strain rate measurements by cardiac ultrasound: principles, implementation and limitations.. Eur J Echocardiogr 2000 Sep;1(3):154-70.
    pubmed: 11916589doi: 10.1053/euje.2000.0031google scholar: lookup
  9. Di Salvo G, Russo MG, Paladini D, Pacileo G, Felicetti M, Ricci C, Cardaropoli D, Palma M, Caso P, Calabro R. Quantification of regional left and right ventricular longitudinal function in 75 normal fetuses using ultrasound-based strain rate and strain imaging.. Ultrasound Med Biol 2005 Sep;31(9):1159-62.
    pubmed: 16176782doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2005.05.011google scholar: lookup
  10. Dohi K, Suffoletto M, Murali S, Bazaz R, Gorcsan J. Benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy to a patient with a narrow QRS complex and ventricular dyssynchrony identified by tissue synchronization imaging.. Eur J Echocardiogr 2005 Dec;6(6):455-60.
    pubmed: 16293532doi: 10.1016/j.euje.2005.02.001google scholar: lookup
  11. Heimdal A, Støylen A, Torp H, Skjaerpe T. Real-time strain rate imaging of the left ventricle by ultrasound.. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1998 Nov;11(11):1013-9.
    pubmed: 9812093doi: 10.1016/s0894-7317(98)70151-8google scholar: lookup
  12. Ihaka R. R: past and future history. Comput Sci Stat 1998:392–396.
  13. Jamal F, Strotmann J, Weidemann F, Kukulski T, D'hooge J, Bijnens B, Van de Werf F, De Scheerder I, Sutherland GR. Noninvasive quantification of the contractile reserve of stunned myocardium by ultrasonic strain rate and strain.. Circulation 2001 Aug 28;104(9):1059-65.
    pubmed: 11524402doi: 10.1161/hc3501.093818google scholar: lookup
  14. Kaluzynski K, Chen X, Emelianov SY, Skovoroda AR, O'Donnell M. Strain rate imaging using two-dimensional speckle tracking.. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2001 Jul;48(4):1111-23.
    pubmed: 11477770doi: 10.1109/58.935730google scholar: lookup
  15. Kukulski T, Jamal F, Herbots L, D'hooge J, Bijnens B, Hatle L, De Scheerder I, Sutherland GR. Identification of acutely ischemic myocardium using ultrasonic strain measurements. A clinical study in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003 Mar 5;41(5):810-9.
    pubmed: 12628727doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02934-0google scholar: lookup
  16. Kuznetsova T, Herbots L, Richart T, D'hooge J, Thijs L, Fagard RH, Herregods MC, Staessen JA. Left ventricular strain and strain rate in a general population.. Eur Heart J 2008 Aug;29(16):2014-23.
    pubmed: 18583396doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn280google scholar: lookup
  17. Lakatta EG. Cardiovascular aging research: the next horizons.. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999 May;47(5):613-25.
    pubmed: 10323658doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb02579.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  18. Marcomichelakis J, Withers R, Newman GB, O'Brien K, Emanuel R. The relation of age to the thickness of the interventricular septum, the posterior left ventricular wall and their ratio.. Int J Cardiol 1983 Nov-Dec;4(4):405-19.
    pubmed: 6642776doi: 10.1016/0167-5273(83)90190-0google scholar: lookup
  19. Miyatake K, Yamagishi M, Tanaka N, Uematsu M, Yamazaki N, Mine Y, Sano A, Hirama M. New method for evaluating left ventricular wall motion by color-coded tissue Doppler imaging: in vitro and in vivo studies.. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995 Mar 1;25(3):717-24.
    pubmed: 7860919doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00421-lgoogle scholar: lookup
  20. Moore CC, Lugo-Olivieri CH, McVeigh ER, Zerhouni EA. Three-dimensional systolic strain patterns in the normal human left ventricle: characterization with tagged MR imaging.. Radiology 2000 Feb;214(2):453-66.
    pmc: PMC2396279pubmed: 10671594doi: 10.1148/radiology.214.2.r00fe17453google scholar: lookup
  21. Nagel D, Gehlen H. [The effectiveness of romifidine on myocardial function in horses with and without heart disease, evaluated with M-mode echocardiography and PW-tissue Doppler imaging].. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2013 Sep-Oct;126(9-10):436-43.
    pubmed: 24199387
  22. Olivetti G, Melissari M, Capasso JM, Anversa P. Cardiomyopathy of the aging human heart. Myocyte loss and reactive cellular hypertrophy.. Circ Res 1991 Jun;68(6):1560-8.
    pubmed: 2036710doi: 10.1161/01.res.68.6.1560google scholar: lookup
  23. Sage AM. Cardiac disease in the geriatric horse.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2002 Dec;18(3):575-89, viii.
    pubmed: 12516935doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(02)00023-8google scholar: lookup
  24. Schefer KD, Bitschnau C, Weishaupt MA, Schwarzwald CC. Quantitative analysis of stress echocardiograms in healthy horses with 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography, anatomical M-mode, tissue Doppler imaging, and 2D speckle tracking.. J Vet Intern Med 2010 Jul-Aug;24(4):918-31.
    pubmed: 20561187doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0542.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  25. Schwarzwald CC, Schober KE, Berli AS, Bonagura JD. Left ventricular radial and circumferential wall motion analysis in horses using strain, strain rate, and displacement by 2D speckle tracking.. J Vet Intern Med 2009 Jul-Aug;23(4):890-900.
    pubmed: 19496916doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0321.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  26. Schwarzwald CC, Schober KE, Bonagura JD. Methods and reliability of tissue Doppler imaging for assessment of left ventricular radial wall motion in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2009 May-Jun;23(3):643-52.
    pubmed: 19645848doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0287.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  27. Sengupta PP, Krishnamoorthy VK, Korinek J, Narula J, Vannan MA, Lester SJ, Tajik JA, Seward JB, Khandheria BK, Belohlavek M. Left ventricular form and function revisited: applied translational science to cardiovascular ultrasound imaging.. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007 May;20(5):539-51.
    pmc: PMC1951787pubmed: 17485001doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2006.10.013google scholar: lookup
  28. Stadler P, Robine F. [Die Kardiometrie beim gesunden Warmblutpferd mit Hilfe der Schnittbildechographie im B-Mode]. Pferdeheilkunde 1996;12:35–43.
  29. Stoylen A, Heimdal A, Bjornstad K, Torp HG, Skjaerpe T. Strain Rate Imaging by Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Regional Dysfunction of the Left Ventricle.. Echocardiography 1999 May;16(4):321-329.
    pubmed: 11175157doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.1999.tb00821.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  30. Sun JP, Chinchoy E, Donal E, Popović ZB, Perlic G, Asher CR, Greenberg NL, Grimm RA, Wilkoff BL, Thomas JD. Evaluation of ventricular synchrony using novel Doppler echocardiographic indices in patients with heart failure receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy.. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004 Aug;17(8):845-50.
    pubmed: 15282488doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2004.04.012google scholar: lookup
  31. Sun JP, Popović ZB, Greenberg NL, Xu XF, Asher CR, Stewart WJ, Thomas JD. Noninvasive quantification of regional myocardial function using Doppler-derived velocity, displacement, strain rate, and strain in healthy volunteers: effects of aging.. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004 Feb;17(2):132-8.
    pubmed: 14752487doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2003.10.001google scholar: lookup
  32. Teske AJ, De Boeck BW, Melman PG, Sieswerda GT, Doevendans PA, Cramer MJ. Echocardiographic quantification of myocardial function using tissue deformation imaging, a guide to image acquisition and analysis using tissue Doppler and speckle tracking.. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2007 Aug 30;5:27.
    pmc: PMC2000459pubmed: 17760964doi: 10.1186/1476-7120-5-27google scholar: lookup
  33. Thomas JD, Popović ZB. Assessment of left ventricular function by cardiac ultrasound.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006 Nov 21;48(10):2012-25.
    pubmed: 17112991doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.06.071google scholar: lookup
  34. Voigt I, Mansi T, Ionasec RI, Mengue EA, Houle H, Georgescu B, Hornegger J, Comaniciu D. Robust physically-constrained modeling of the mitral valve and subvalvular apparatus.. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv 2011;14(Pt 3):504-11.
    pubmed: 22003737doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-23626-6_62google scholar: lookup
  35. Wei JY. Age and the cardiovascular system.. N Engl J Med 1992 Dec 10;327(24):1735-9.
    pubmed: 1304738doi: 10.1056/nejm199212103272408google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Aleixo ASC, Ferreira DOL, Tsunemi MH, Chiacchio SB, Lourenço MLG. Influence of Dorper lamb development from birth to 120 days of age on clinical and echocardiographic parameters. Sci Rep 2022 Nov 17;12(1):19726.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23418-zpubmed: 36396733google scholar: lookup
  2. Gehlen H, Fisch J, Merle R, Trachsel DS. Preliminary study on the effects of pergolide on left ventricular function in the horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. J Vet Sci 2021 Sep;22(5):e64.
    doi: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e64pubmed: 34553515google scholar: lookup
  3. Decloedt A, Ven S, De Clercq D, Rademakers F, van Loon G. Assessment of left ventricular function in horses with aortic regurgitation by 2D speckle tracking. BMC Vet Res 2020 Mar 20;16(1):93.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02307-5pubmed: 32197611google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,928 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.