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Home / Equine Research Bank / Antibiotics (Basel) / Staphylococcus aureus in Horses in Nigeria: Occurrence, Anti...
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2023; 12(2); doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12020242

Staphylococcus aureus in Horses in Nigeria: Occurrence, Antimicrobial, Methicillin and Heavy Metal Resistance and Virulence Potentials.

Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a total of 360 nasal and groin skin swabs from 180 systematic randomly-selected horses slaughtered for meat at Obollo-Afor, Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria and antimicrobial, methicillin and heavy metal resistance profile and virulence potentials of the isolates established. Baird-Parker agar with egg yolk tellurite was used for S. aureus isolation. S. aureus isolates were confirmed biochemically and serologically using a specific S. aureus Staphytect Plus™ latex agglutination test kit. The antimicrobial resistance profile, methicillin, vancomycin and inducible clindamycin resistance, and β-lactamase production of the isolates were determined with disc diffusion. Tolerance to Copper, Cadmium, Lead and Zinc was assessed using the agar dilution method and virulence potentials were determined using phenotypic methods. Forty-three (23.9%) of the 180 horses harbored S. aureus. Some 71 S. aureus were recovered from the 360 samples. Two (2.8%) of the 71 S. aureus were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 69 (97.2%) were methicillin-susceptible. MRSA was recovered from 2 (1.1%) of the 180 horses. Some 9.4% of the isolates were multiple drug-resistant (MDR). The mean multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARI) for the isolates was 0.24. Heavy metal resistance rate of the isolates ranged between 35.4-70.4%. The isolates, including the MRSA strains, displayed virulence potentials as clumping factor and catalase, gelatinase, caseinase, heamolysin, and biofilm was at the rate of 100%, 53.5%, 43.7%, 18.3% and 23.9%, respectively. This study showed that a considerable percentage of horses slaughtered in Obollo-Afor Southeastern Nigeria are potential reservoirs of virulent multiple drug- and heavy metal-resistant S. aureus, including MRSA, that could spread to humans and the environment.
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Publication Date: 2023-01-24 PubMed ID: 36830153PubMed Central: PMC9952373DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020242Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigated the prevalence and characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus, including antibiotic- and heavy metal-resistant strains, in horses slaughtered for meat in Southeast Nigeria, revealing a significant presence of these bacteria, with potential public health consequences.

Sampling and Isolation

  • Researchers collected nasal and groin skin swabs from 180 randomly-selected horses that were being slaughtered for meat in Obollo-Afor, Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria.
  • Of the 360 samples collected, S. aureus was isolated from 71 (19.7%), with 43 (23.9%) horses found to be carriers.
  • Identification and confirmation of S. aureus were performed using various biochemical and serological tests, as well as a specific latex agglutination test kit known as Staphytect Plus™.

Antibiotic Resistance Analysis

  • Resistance to antibiotics was a notable characteristic among the isolated bacteria – 9.4% of isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), meaning they could resist at least one agent in three or more antibiotic classes.
  • The study found 2.8% of the isolated bacteria were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), implying they contain the mecA gene that makes them resistant to commonly used antibiotics.
  • Resistance to methicillin, vancomycin, and inducible clindamycin, was determined by disc diffusion, a method that checks the effect of an antimicrobial agent on bacteria.
  • The mean multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARI), a measure of the bacteria’s resistance to different antibiotics, was 0.24 for the isolates.

Heavy Metal Resistance Analysis

  • The researchers also assessed the bacteria’s tolerance to heavy metals, namely Copper, Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc, using agar dilution methods.
  • They found that resistance rates ranged between 35.4% and 70.4%, suggesting considerable resistance against these metals.

Bacterial Virulence Analysis

  • The isolates displayed various virulence potentials determined using phenotypic methods which refer to physical and biochemical characteristics of bacteria.
  • Specific attributes examined included clumping factor, catalase, gelatinase, caseinase, haemolysin, and biofilm production.
  • Most notably, all isolates, including the MRSA strains, displayed 100% capability for clumping factor and catalase production; factors crucial for survival and infection.

Implications of the Findings

  • These findings signify that a considerable number of horses slaughtered for meat in the studied area may carry S. aureus bacteria, including virulent, multi-drug resistant, and heavy metal-resistant strains.
  • This could have grave public health implications, as these bacteria could potentially transfer from horses to humans or the environment.

Cite This Article

APA
Nwobi OC, Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Nwankwo IO, Okolo CC, Nwobi CA, Ezenduka EV, Oguttu JW. (2023). Staphylococcus aureus in Horses in Nigeria: Occurrence, Antimicrobial, Methicillin and Heavy Metal Resistance and Virulence Potentials. Antibiotics (Basel), 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020242

Publication

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2079-6382
NlmUniqueID: 101637404
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 2

Researcher Affiliations

Nwobi, Obichukwu Chisom
  • Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria.
Anyanwu, Madubuike Umunna
  • Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria.
Jaja, Ishmael Festus
  • Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa.
Nwankwo, Innocent Okwundu
  • Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria.
Okolo, Chukwuemeka Calistus
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria.
Nwobi, Chibundo Adaobi
  • Department of Home Science and Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria.
Ezenduka, Ekene Vivienne
  • Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria.
Oguttu, James Wabwire
  • Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

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