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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Orthop Res / Structural, compositional, and functional effects of blunt a...
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society2021; 39(11); 2363-2375; doi: 10.1002/jor.24971

Structural, compositional, and functional effects of blunt and sharp cartilage damage on the joint: A 9-month equine groove model study.

Abstract: This study aimed to quantify the long-term progression of blunt and sharp cartilage defects and their effect on joint homeostasis and function of the equine carpus. In nine adult Shetland ponies, the cartilage in the radiocarpal and middle carpal joint of one front limb was grooved (blunt or sharp randomized). The ponies were subjected to an 8-week exercise protocol and euthanized at 39 weeks. Structural and compositional alterations in joint tissues were evaluated in vivo using serial radiographs, synovial biopsies, and synovial fluid samples. Joint function was monitored by quantitative gait analysis. Macroscopic, microscopic, and biomechanical evaluation of the cartilage and assessment of subchondral bone parameters were performed ex vivo. Grooved cartilage showed higher OARSI microscopy scores than the contra-lateral sham-operated controls (p < 0.0001). Blunt-grooved cartilage scored higher than sharp-grooved cartilage (p = 0.007) and fixed charge density around these grooves was lower (p = 0.006). Equilibrium and instantaneous moduli trended lower in grooved cartilage than their controls (significant for radiocarpal joints). Changes in other tissues included a threefold to sevenfold change in interleukin-6 expression in synovium from grooved joints at week 23 (p = 0.042) and an increased CPII/C2C ratio in synovial fluid extracted from blunt-grooved joints at week 35 (p = 0.010). Gait analysis outcome revealed mild, gradually increasing lameness. In conclusion, blunt and, to a lesser extent, sharp grooves in combination with a period of moderate exercise, lead to mild degeneration in equine carpal cartilage over a 9-month period, but the effect on overall joint health remains limited.
© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society.
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Publication Date: 2021-01-23 PubMed ID: 33368588PubMed Central: PMC8597083DOI: 10.1002/jor.24971Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research studied the long-term effects of both blunt and sharp cartilage damage on a horse’s joint health and function. The study found that these forms of damage can result in mild degeneration in the cartilage over a nine-month period, but the overall impact on the joint’s health remained limited.

The Study

  • The study was conducted on nine adult Shetland ponies. These animals possess a similar musculoskeletal structure to humans, making them a suitable model for orthopedic research.
  • In each pony, researchers created grooves (either blunt or sharp, picked randomly) in the cartilage of one front limb’s two carpal joints — radiocarpal and middle carpal. This was done to mimic cartilage damage typically seen in conditions like osteoarthritis.
  • Following the creation of the grooves, the ponies were subjected to an exercise protocol that lasted eight weeks. The exercise was meant to reproduce the effects of continued physical activity on the damaged joints.

Evaluating Cartilage Damage

  • Assessment of the cartilage and the underlying bone parameters were conducted in two ways. In vivo evaluations involved taking serial radiographs, synovial biopsies, and synovial fluid samples. Ex vivo assessments involved macroscopic, microscopic, and biomechanical evaluations of the cartilage.
  • The extent of the cartilage’s structure and composition alteration was evaluated using the OARSI (Osteoarthritis Research Society International) microscopy scores.
  • It was found that grooved cartilage exhibited higher OARSI scores than the unoperated control samples, indicating a greater level of cartilage damage with grooving. It was further observed that blunt-grooved cartilage scored higher than the sharp-grooved ones.

Associated Joint and Functional Changes

  • Changes were also noted in various joint tissues, including the synovium (the soft tissue that lines the spaces of diarthrodial joints) and synovial fluid (the slippery liquid that lubricates these joints).
  • Interleukin-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, saw a threefold to sevenfold increase in expression in the synovium from grooved joints by week 23.
  • In blunt-grooved joints at week 35, the synovial fluid showed an increased CPII/C2C ratio. This ratio is a marker of cartilage degradation.
  • Joint function was monitored using quantitative gait analysis which revealed a mild but gradually increasing lameness in the ponies, indicating the development of joint discomfort or dysfunction due to the cartilage damage.

Conclusion

  • Over the 9-month study period, both blunt and sharp grooving, combined with a period of moderate exercise, led to mild degeneration in the equine carpal cartilage.
  • However, the overall negative effect on joint health remained limited, suggesting the joint’s ability to tolerate minor cartilage injuries over a certain period.

Cite This Article

APA
Te Moller NCR, Mohammadi A, Plomp S, Serra Bragança FM, Beukers M, Pouran B, Afara IO, Nippolainen E, Mäkelä JTA, Korhonen RK, Töyräs J, Brommer H, van Weeren PR. (2021). Structural, compositional, and functional effects of blunt and sharp cartilage damage on the joint: A 9-month equine groove model study. J Orthop Res, 39(11), 2363-2375. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24971

Publication

Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society
ISSN: 1554-527X
NlmUniqueID: 8404726
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 39
Issue: 11
Pages: 2363-2375

Researcher Affiliations

Te Moller, Nikae C R
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Mohammadi, Ali
  • Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Plomp, Saskia
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Serra Bragança, Filipe M
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Beukers, Martijn
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Pouran, Behdad
  • Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Afara, Isaac O
  • Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Nippolainen, Ervin
  • Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Mäkelä, Janne T A
  • Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Korhonen, Rami K
  • Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Töyräs, Juha
  • Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
  • Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
  • School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Brommer, Harold
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
van Weeren, P René
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Carpal Joints / diagnostic imaging
  • Cartilage Diseases / pathology
  • Cartilage, Articular / pathology
  • Horse Diseases
  • Horses
  • Synovial Fluid / metabolism
  • Synovial Membrane / pathology

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Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Mohammadi A, Te Moller NCR, Ebrahimi M, Plomp S, Brommer H, van Weeren PR, Mäkelä JTA, Töyräs J, Korhonen RK. Site- and Zone-Dependent Changes in Proteoglycan Content and Biomechanical Properties of Bluntly and Sharply Grooved Equine Articular Cartilage. Ann Biomed Eng 2022 Dec;50(12):1787-1797.
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  2. Honkanen MKM, Mohammadi A, Te Moller NCR, Ebrahimi M, Xu W, Plomp S, Pouran B, Lehto VP, Brommer H, van Weeren PR, Korhonen RK, Töyräs J, Mäkelä JTA. Dual-contrast micro-CT enables cartilage lesion detection and tissue condition evaluation ex vivo. Equine Vet J 2023 Mar;55(2):315-324.
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  3. Scheike AS, Plomp S, Fugazzola MC, Meurot C, Berenbaum F, van Weeren PR, Tryfonidou MA, von Hegedus JH. The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Liraglutide in Equine Inflammatory Joint Models. J Orthop Res 2025 May;43(5):893-903.
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  4. Varela L, van de Lest CHA, van Weeren PR, Wauben MHM. Synovial fluid extracellular vesicles as arthritis biomarkers: the added value of lipid-profiling and integrated omics. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucl Acids 2024;5(2):276-296.
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  5. Shahini F, Oskouei S, Nippolainen E, Mohammadi A, Sarin JK, Moller NCRT, Brommer H, Shaikh R, Korhonen RK, van Weeren PR, Töyräs J, Afara IO. Infrared Spectroscopy Can Differentiate Between Cartilage Injury Models: Implication for Assessment of Cartilage Integrity. Ann Biomed Eng 2024 Sep;52(9):2521-2533.
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