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The Journal of hygiene1983; 90(3); 371-384; doi: 10.1017/s0022172400029004

Studies with inactivated equine influenza vaccine. 1. Serological responses of ponies to graded doses of vaccine.

Abstract: Serological responses to three bivalent aqueous equine influenza vaccines of different potency and an adjuvanted bivalent vaccine containing inactivated A/equine/Prague/56 (H7N7) and A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8) viruses, were examined in seronegative ponies. Potencies of the vaccines, measured by single-radial-diffusion tests, ranged from 4 to 56 micrograms of haemagglutinin (HA) antigen activity/virus strain per dose. Serological responses to vaccination were examined by haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and single-radial-haemolysis (SRH) tests. Four weeks after a primary dose, HI responses to both vaccine viruses were barely detectable; after a second dose the HI responses to A/Miami/63 virus were low or undetectable but HI responses to A/Prague/56 virus were higher (17/20 ponies with titres greater than or equal to 1:16). In contrast SRH tests revealed dose-related antibody responses to both virus strains after one and two vaccine doses; levels after the second dose were 2- to 5-fold higher than after the primary dose. Highest post-vaccination antibody titres were obtained with the adjuvanted vaccine which contained 2- to 4-fold less antigen (13-23 micrograms HA) than the most potent aqueous vaccine. Post-vaccination antibody reacted well in SRH tests with recent antigenic variants of equine influenza virus. A remarkable finding was the high rate of decline in antibody, detected by HI or SRH tests, following one or two doses of vaccine. Even in animals with the highest post-vaccine antibody levels 2-4 weeks after a booster dose, antibody levels had declined to low or indetectable levels 14 weeks later. The low antibody titres detected at 14-32 weeks after vaccination were nevertheless vaccine dose-related.
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Publication Date: 1983-06-01 PubMed ID: 6345659PubMed Central: PMC2134282DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400029004Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the immune response in ponies after administering different doses and types of equine influenza vaccine. It was found that the highest immunity was obtained with the adjuvanted vaccine, which contained less antigen, but also that the immunity waned rapidly, regardless of the vaccine type or dose.

Explanation of the Research

In the study, the researchers examined the immunity response in ponies that were administered one of three different concentrations of a bivalent (two-strain) equine influenza vaccine. The vaccine included inactivated strains of A/equine/Prague/56 (H7N7) and A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8) viruses. Also, a version of the vaccine was used that included an adjuvant, a substance known to boost the body’s immune response to the vaccine.

  • Measurement of Potency: The potencies of these vaccines, denoting their ability to produce a response, were measured using single-radial-diffusion tests. The potencies varied from 4 to 56 micrograms of haemagglutinin (HA) antigen activity per dose.
  • Examination of Response: The researchers used haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and single-radial-haemolysis (SRH) tests to measure the animals’ serological (blood serum) responses to the vaccines.
  • Response after Primary Dose: Four weeks after the initial dose, the response to both vaccine viruses was quite low.
  • Response after Secondary Dose: When a second dose was administered, the response to the A/Miami/63 virus remained very low, while the response to the A/Prague/56 strain was higher.
  • SRH Test Findings: SRH tests contrastingly revealed a dose-related antibody response to both strains of virus after one and two doses of the vaccine, being 2 to 5 times stronger after the second dose.
  • Adjuvanted Vaccine: The most successful antibody reactions after vaccination were with the adjuvanted vaccine, despite it containing 2 to 4 times less antigen than the most potent non-adjuvanted vaccine. This finding suggests that the adjuvant was successful in increasing the immune response.

Changes in Antibody Levels Over Time

The research also noted a trend of rapidly declining antibody levels in the ponies, even after administering two doses of the vaccine.

  • Rapid Decline in Antibody: Following one or two doses of the vaccine, there was a marked decrease in antibody levels, as measured by HI and SRH tests.
  • Reduced Levels After a Few Weeks: Even in animals with the highest post-vaccine antibody levels 2-4 weeks after a booster dose, the antibody levels had dropped to low or undetectable levels 14 weeks later.
  • Dose-relation observed: Despite this rapid decline, the low levels of antibody found 14-32 weeks after vaccination were still related to the dose of vaccine received, suggesting that a higher initial dose did confer a longer-lasting effect.

Cite This Article

APA
Wood JM, Mumford J, Folkers C, Scott AM, Schild GC. (1983). Studies with inactivated equine influenza vaccine. 1. Serological responses of ponies to graded doses of vaccine. J Hyg (Lond), 90(3), 371-384. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400029004

Publication

The Journal of hygiene
ISSN: 0022-1724
NlmUniqueID: 0375374
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 90
Issue: 3
Pages: 371-384

Researcher Affiliations

Wood, J M
    Mumford, J
      Folkers, C
        Scott, A M
          Schild, G C

            MeSH Terms

            • Animals
            • Antibodies, Viral / analysis
            • Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
            • Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
            • Hemolytic Plaque Technique
            • Horses / immunology
            • Immunization, Secondary
            • Influenza A virus / immunology
            • Time Factors
            • Vaccination / veterinary
            • Viral Vaccines / immunology

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            Citations

            This article has been cited 9 times.
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