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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Sci / Study on NGF and VEGF during the Equine Perinatal Period-Par...
Veterinary sciences2022; 9(9); 459; doi: 10.3390/vetsci9090459

Study on NGF and VEGF during the Equine Perinatal Period-Part 2: Foals Affected by Neonatal Encephalopathy.

Abstract: Neonatal Encephalopathy (NE) may be caused by hypoxic ischemic insults or inflammatory insults and modified by innate protective or excitatory mechanisms. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology is important in formulating a rational approach to diagnosis. The preliminary aim was to clinically characterize a population of foals spontaneously affected by NE. The study aimed to: (i) evaluate nerve growth factor (NGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in plasma samples obtained in the affected population at parturition from the mare’s jugular vein, umbilical cord vein and foal’s jugular vein, as well as in amniotic fluid; (ii) evaluate the NGF and VEGF content in the plasma of foals affected by NE during the first 72 h of life/hospitalization; (iii) evaluate NGF and VEGF levels at birth/admission in relation to selected mare’s and foal’s clinical parameters; (iv) evaluate the relationship between the two trophic factors and thyroid hormone levels (TT3 and TT4) in the first 72 h of life/hospitalization; and (v) assess the mRNA expression of NGF, VEGF and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and their cell surface receptors, in the placenta of mares that delivered foals affected by NE. Thirteen affected foals born from mares hospitalized for peripartum monitoring (group NE) and twenty affected foals hospitalized after birth (group exNE) were included in the study. Dosage of NGF and VEGF levels was performed using commercial ELISA kits, whereas NGF, VEGF, and BDNF placental gene expression was performed using a semi-quantitative real-time PCR. In group NE, NGF levels decreased significantly from T0 to T24 (p = 0.0447) and VEGF levels decreased significantly from T0 to T72 (p = 0.0234), whereas in group exNE, only NGF levels decreased significantly from T0 to T24 (p = 0.0304). Compared to healthy foals, a significant reduction of TT3 levels was observed in both NE (T24, p = 0.0066; T72 p = 0.0003) and exNE (T0, p = 0.0082; T24, p < 0.0001; T72, p < 0.0001) groups, whereas a significant reduction of TT4 levels was observed only in exNE group (T0, p = 0.0003; T24, p = 0.0010; T72, p = 0.0110). In group NE, NGF levels were positively correlated with both TT3 (p = 0.0475; r = 0.3424) and TT4 levels (p = 0.0063; r = 0.4589). In the placenta, a reduced expression of NGF in the allantois (p = 0.0033) and a reduced expression of BDNF in the amnion (p = 0.0498) were observed. The less pronounced decrease of the two trophic factors compared to healthy foals, their relationship with thyroid hormones over time, and the reduced expression of NGF and BDNF in placental tissues of mares that delivered affected foals, could be key regulators in the mechanisms of equine NE.
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Publication Date: 2022-08-26 PubMed ID: 36136675PubMed Central: PMC9503474DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9090459Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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This study looks into neonatal encephalopathy (NE), a syndrome affecting newborn foals which could be due to low oxygen or inflammation, and the role of growth factors like nerve growth factor (NGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in its occurrence. The objective was to measure these growth factors in newborn foals with NE, observe their levels in the first 72 hours after birth, and identify their relationship with thyroid hormone levels and selected clinical parameters. The findings suggest that these factors and their association with thyroid hormones could be crucial in regulating mechanisms of NE in foals.

Objective and Methodology

  • The initial aim was to clinically characterize a group of foals naturally affected by NE. The concentration of growth factors NGF and VEGF were measured at various points including the mare’s jugular vein, the umbilical cord vein, the foal’s jugular vein, and amniotic fluid.
  • NGF and VEGF levels in the plasma of NE-affected foals were also evaluated during the first 72 hours after birth. Another aspect inspected was the link between these growth factors and the levels of thyroid hormones (TT3 and TT4) in that time period.
  • On top of this, the researchers wanted to investigate the mRNA expression of NGF, VEGF, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and their cell surface receptors, in the placenta of mares that delivered foals affected by NE.
  • The study included two groups: the NE group, with foals born from mares hospitalized for monitoring around parturition, and the exNE group consisting of foals hospitalized after birth.

Observations and Findings

  • In the NE group, NGF levels significantly decreased from birth to 24 hours, and VEGF levels significantly reduced from birth to 72 hours. In the exNE group, only NGF levels significantly fell from birth to 24 hours.
  • Compared to healthy foals, both NE and exNE groups showed a significant reduction in TT3 levels over the observed timeframe. However, a significant reduction in TT4 levels was noted only in the exNE group.
  • In the NE group, NGF levels were positively associated with both TT3 and TT4 levels.
  • On examining the placenta, reduced expression of NGF in the allantois and decreased expression of BDNF in the amnion were detected. This suggests that these growth factors’ less pronounced decrease relative to healthy foals and their connection with thyroid hormones over time could be pivotal regulators in the mechanisms of equine NE.

Cite This Article

APA
Ellero N, Lanci A, Baldassarro VA, Alastra G, Mariella J, Cescatti M, Castagnetti C, Giardino L. (2022). Study on NGF and VEGF during the Equine Perinatal Period-Part 2: Foals Affected by Neonatal Encephalopathy. Vet Sci, 9(9), 459. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9090459

Publication

Veterinary sciences
ISSN: 2306-7381
NlmUniqueID: 101680127
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 9
PII: 459

Researcher Affiliations

Ellero, Nicola
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Lanci, Aliai
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Baldassarro, Vito Antonio
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Alastra, Giuseppe
  • Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Mariella, Jole
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Cescatti, Maura
  • IRET Foundation, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Castagnetti, Carolina
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
  • Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Giardino, Luciana
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
  • Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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