FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Am J Trop Med Hyg / Survey for tick-borne zoonoses in the state of Espirito Sant...
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2010; 83(1); 201-206; doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0595

Survey for tick-borne zoonoses in the state of Espirito Santo, southeastern Brazil.

Abstract: Blood samples collected from 201 humans, 92 dogs, and 27 horses in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, were tested by polymerase chain reaction, indirect immunofluorescence assays, and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tick-borne diseases (rickettsiosis, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, borreliosis, babesiosis). Our results indicated that the surveyed counties are endemic for spotted fever group rickettsiosis because sera from 70 (34.8%) humans, 7 (7.6%) dogs, and 7 (25.9%) horses were reactive to at least one of the six Rickettsia species tested. Although there was evidence of ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis) and babesiosis (Babesia canis vogeli, Theileria equi) in domestic animals, no human was positive for babesiosis and only four individuals were serologically positive for E. canis. Borrelia burgdorferi-serologic reactive sera were rare among humans and horses, but encompassed 51% of the canine samples, suggesting that dogs and their ticks can be part of the epidemiological cycle of the causative agent of the Brazilian zoonosis, named Baggio-Yoshinari Syndrome.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2010-07-03 PubMed ID: 20595502PubMed Central: PMC2912600DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0595Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examines the presence of tick-borne diseases in humans, dogs, and horses in Espirito Santo, Brazil. Findings reveal that this area is endemic for spotted fever group rickettsiosis and there is also evidence of ehrlichiosis and babesiosis in domestic animals.

Introduction and Methodology

  • The study was conducted in the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, where samples of blood were collected from 201 humans, 92 dogs and 27 horses.
  • The samples were tested for various tick-borne diseases such as rickettsiosis, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, borreliosis, and babesiosis using advanced laboratory tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), indirect immunofluorescence assays, and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Findings

  • The results of the tests indicated that the counties investigated are endemic for spotted fever group rickettsiosis.
  • This conclusion was drawn based on the fact that 34.8% of human samples, 7.6% of dog samples, and 25.9% of horse samples tested reactive to at least one of the six Rickettsia species.
  • Meanwhile, there was also evidence of ehrlichiosis, particularly Ehrlichia canis, and babesiosis, with specific pathogens Babesia canis vogeli and Theileria equi, being found in domestic animals.

Concerning Findings

  • However, none of the tested humans were positive for babesiosis and only four individuals were serologically positive for Ehrlichia canis, the bacterium responsible for Ehrlichiosis.
  • Serologically reactive symptoms to Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease, were rare among humans and horses.
  • However, this condition encompassed 51% of the canine samples, suggesting that dogs and their ticks can be part of the epidemiological cycle of the causative agent of the Brazilian zoonosis, named Baggio-Yoshinari Syndrome.

Conclusion

  • This research plays a significant role in public health for the endemic region as it not only identifies the prevalent tick-borne diseases but also the potential vectors and reservoirs of these diseases.
  • These findings can support the development of preventative measures and appropriate treatments to curb the spread of these diseases in the affected areas.

Cite This Article

APA
Spolidorio MG, Labruna MB, Machado RZ, Moraes-Filho J, Zago AM, Donatele DM, Pinheiro SR, Silveira I, Caliari KM, Yoshinari NH. (2010). Survey for tick-borne zoonoses in the state of Espirito Santo, southeastern Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 83(1), 201-206. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0595

Publication

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene
ISSN: 1476-1645
NlmUniqueID: 0370507
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 83
Issue: 1
Pages: 201-206

Researcher Affiliations

Spolidorio, Mariana G
  • Laboratório de Investigação Médica 17 (LIM17), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. marianaspolidorio@gmail.com
Labruna, Marcelo B
    Machado, Rosangela Z
      Moraes-Filho, Jonas
        Zago, Augusto M
          Donatele, Dirlei M
            Pinheiro, Sônia R
              Silveira, Iara
                Caliari, Késia M
                  Yoshinari, Natalino H

                    MeSH Terms

                    • Animals
                    • Babesia / parasitology
                    • Babesiosis / parasitology
                    • Brazil
                    • Dogs
                    • Erythrocytes / parasitology
                    • Humans
                    • Tick-Borne Diseases / transmission
                    • Ticks
                    • Zoonoses / parasitology
                    • Zoonoses / transmission

                    References

                    This article includes 47 references
                    1. Dias E, Martins AV. Spotted fever in Brazil. A summary.. Am J Trop Med 1939;19:103–108.
                    2. Piza JT, Meyer JR, Gomes LS. Typho Exantematico de São Paulo.. São Paulo, Brazil: Sociedade Impressora Paulista; 1993.
                    3. Galvão MA, Silva LJ, Nascimento EM, Calic SB, Sousa Rd, Bacellar F. [Rickettsial diseases in Brazil and Portugal: occurrence, distribution and diagnosis].. Rev Saude Publica 2005 Oct;39(5):850-6.
                      pubmed: 16254665doi: 10.1590/s0034-89102005000500023google scholar: lookup
                    4. Angerami RN, Resende MR, Feltrin AF, Katz G, Nascimento EM, Stucchi RS, Silva LJ. Brazilian spotted fever: a case series from an endemic area in southeastern Brazil: epidemiological aspects.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006 Oct;1078:170-2.
                      pubmed: 17114702doi: 10.1196/annals.1374.030google scholar: lookup
                    5. Lamas C, Favacho A, Rozental T, Bóia MN, Kirsten AH, Guterres A, Barreira J, de Lemos ER. Characterization of rickettsia rickettsii in a case of fatal Brazilian spotted fever in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. Braz J Infect Dis 2008 Apr;12(2):149-51.
                      pubmed: 18641853doi: 10.1590/s1413-86702008000200010google scholar: lookup
                    6. Labruna MB. Ecology of rickettsia in South America.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009 May;1166:156-66.
                      pubmed: 19538276doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04516.xgoogle scholar: lookup
                    7. Sexton DJ, Muniz M, Corey GR, Breitschwerdt EB, Hegarty BC, Dumler S, Walker DH, Pecanha PM, Dietze R. Brazilian spotted fever in Espirito Santo, Brazil: description of a focus of infection in a new endemic region.. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993 Aug;49(2):222-6.
                      pubmed: 8357085doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1993.49.222google scholar: lookup
                    8. Oliveira KA, Oliveira LS, Dias CC, Silva A Jr, Almeida MR, Almada G, Bouyer DH, Galvão MA, Mafra C. Molecular identification of Rickettsia felis in ticks and fleas from an endemic area for Brazilian Spotted Fever.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008 Mar;103(2):191-4.
                      pubmed: 18425272doi: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000200011google scholar: lookup
                    9. Mantovani E, Costa IP, Gauditano G, Bonoldi VL, Higuchi ML, Yoshinari NH. Description of Lyme disease-like syndrome in Brazil. Is it a new tick borne disease or Lyme disease variation?. Braz J Med Biol Res 2007 Apr;40(4):443-56.
                      pubmed: 17401487doi: 10.1590/s0100-879x2007000400002google scholar: lookup
                    10. Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bekker CP, Dasch GA, Palmer GH, Ray SC, Rikihisa Y, Rurangirwa FR. Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and 'HGE agent' as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila.. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2001 Nov;51(Pt 6):2145-2165.
                      pubmed: 11760958doi: 10.1099/00207713-51-6-2145google scholar: lookup
                    11. Torres HM, Massard CL, Figueiredo MJ, Ferreira T, Almosny NRP. Isolamento e propagação da Ehrlichia canis em células DH82 e obtenção de antígeno para a reação de imunofluorescência indireta.. Rev Bras Ciênc Vet 2002;9:77–82.
                    12. Aguiar DM, Saito TB, Hagiwara MK, Machado RZ, Labruna MB. Serological diagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis with Brazilian antigen of Ehrlichia canis.. Cienc. Rural 2007;37:796–802.
                    13. Labruna MB, McBride JW, Camargo LM, Aguiar DM, Yabsley MJ, Davidson WR, Stromdahl EY, Williamson PC, Stich RW, Long SW, Camargo EP, Walker DH. A preliminary investigation of Ehrlichia species in ticks, humans, dogs, and capybaras from Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 2007 Jan 31;143(2):189-95.
                      pubmed: 16962245doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.005google scholar: lookup
                    14. Machado RZ, Duarte JM, Dagnone AS, Szabó MP. Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Brazilian marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus).. Vet Parasitol 2006 Jun 30;139(1-3):262-6.
                      pubmed: 16621285doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.02.038google scholar: lookup
                    15. Oliveira LS, Oliveira KA, Mourão LC, Pescatore AM, Almeida MR, Conceição LG, Galvão MA, Mafra C. First report of Ehrlichia ewingii detected by molecular investigation in dogs from Brazil.. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009 Dec;15 Suppl 2:55-6.
                      pubmed: 19416280doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02635.xgoogle scholar: lookup
                    16. Calic SB, Galvão MA, Bacellar F, Rocha CM, Mafra CL, Leite RC, Walker DH. Human ehrlichioses in Brazil: first suspect cases.. Braz J Infect Dis 2004 Jun;8(3):259-62.
                      pubmed: 15476059doi: 10.1590/s1413-86702004000300011google scholar: lookup
                    17. da Costa PS, Valle LM, Brigatte ME, Greco DB. More about human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis in Brazil: serological evidence of nine new cases.. Braz J Infect Dis 2006 Feb;10(1):7-10.
                      pubmed: 16767308doi: 10.1590/s1413-86702006000100002google scholar: lookup
                    18. Passos LM, Geiger SM, Ribeiro MF, Pfister K, Zahler-Rinder M. First molecular detection of Babesia vogeli in dogs from Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 2005 Jan 4;127(1):81-5.
                      pubmed: 15619377doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.07.028google scholar: lookup
                    19. Trapp SM, Messick JB, Vidotto O, Jojima FS, de Morais HS. Babesia gibsoni genotype Asia in dogs from Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 2006 Oct 10;141(1-2):177-80.
                      pubmed: 16765518doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.04.036google scholar: lookup
                    20. Costa-Júnior LM, Ribeiro MF, Rembeck K, Rabelo EM, Zahler-Rinder M, Hirzmann J, Pfister K, Passos LM. Canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis vogeli in rural areas of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil and factors associated with its seroprevalence.. Res Vet Sci 2009 Apr;86(2):257-60.
                      pubmed: 18723199doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.07.002google scholar: lookup
                    21. O'Dwyer LH, Lopes VV, Rubini AS, Paduan Kdos S, Ribolla PE. Babesia spp. infection in dogs from rural areas of São Paulo State, Brazil.. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2009 Apr-Jun;18(2):23-6.
                      pubmed: 19602312doi: 10.4322/rbpv.01802005google scholar: lookup
                    22. Friedhoff KT. [Piroplasmas of horses--impact on the international horse trade].. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1982 Oct 1;95(19):368-74.
                      pubmed: 6756387
                    23. Hildebrandt A, Hunfeld KP, Baier M, Krumbholz A, Sachse S, Lorenzen T, Kiehntopf M, Fricke HJ, Straube E. First confirmed autochthonous case of human Babesia microti infection in Europe.. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007 Aug;26(8):595-601.
                      pubmed: 17587072doi: 10.1007/s10096-007-0333-1google scholar: lookup
                    24. Hunfeld KP, Hildebrandt A, Gray JS. Babesiosis: recent insights into an ancient disease.. Int J Parasitol 2008 Sep;38(11):1219-37.
                      pubmed: 18440005doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.001google scholar: lookup
                    25. Herwaldt BL, Cacciò S, Gherlinzoni F, Aspöck H, Slemenda SB, Piccaluga P, Martinelli G, Edelhofer R, Hollenstein U, Poletti G, Pampiglione S, Löschenberger K, Tura S, Pieniazek NJ. Molecular characterization of a non-Babesia divergens organism causing zoonotic babesiosis in Europe.. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 Aug;9(8):942-8.
                      pmc: PMC3020600pubmed: 12967491doi: 10.3201/eid0908.020748google scholar: lookup
                    26. Alecrim I, Pinto B, Avila T, Costa R, Pessoa I. Registro do primeiro caso de infecção humana por Babesia spp. no Brasil.. Rev Patol Trop 1983;12:11–29.
                    27. Ríos L, Alvarez G, Blair S. Serological and parasitological study and report of the first case of human babesiosis in Colombia.. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2003 Jul-Aug;36(4):493-8.
                      pubmed: 12937727doi: 10.1590/s0037-86822003000400010google scholar: lookup
                    28. Humiczewska M, Kuźna-Grygiel W. [A case of imported human babesiosis in Poland].. Wiad Parazytol 1997;43(2):227-9.
                      pubmed: 9424944
                    29. Yoshinari NH, Abrão MG, Bonoldi VL, Soares CO, Madruga CR, Scofield A, Massard CL, da Fonseca AH. Coexistence of antibodies to tick-borne agents of babesiosis and Lyme borreliosis in patients from Cotia county, State of São Paulo, Brazil.. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003 Apr;98(3):311-8.
                      pubmed: 12886408doi: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000300004google scholar: lookup
                    30. Rech A, Bittar CM, de Castro CG, Azevedo KR, dos Santos RP, Machado AR, Schwartsmann G, Goldani L, Brunetto AL. Asymptomatic babesiosis in a child with hepatoblastoma.. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004 Mar;26(3):213.
                      pubmed: 15125618doi: 10.1097/00043426-200403000-00015google scholar: lookup
                    31. Anderson BE, Sumner JW, Dawson JE, Tzianabos T, Greene CR, Olson JG, Fishbein DB, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Holloway BP, George EH. Detection of the etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis by polymerase chain reaction.. J Clin Microbiol 1992 Apr;30(4):775-80.
                      pmc: PMC265160pubmed: 1374076doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.4.775-780.1992google scholar: lookup
                    32. Breitschwerdt EB, Hegarty BC, Hancock SI. Sequential evaluation of dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia ewingii, or Bartonella vinsonii.. J Clin Microbiol 1998 Sep;36(9):2645-51.
                      pmc: PMC105178pubmed: 9705408doi: 10.1128/jcm.36.9.2645-2651.1998google scholar: lookup
                    33. Aguiar DM, Hagiwara MK, Labruna MB. In vitro isolation and molecular characterization of an Ehrlichia canis strain from São Paulo, Brazil.. Braz J Microbiol 2008 Jul;39(3):489-93.
                      pmc: PMC3768425pubmed: 24031251doi: 10.1590/s1517-838220080003000014google scholar: lookup
                    34. Stromdahl EY, Williamson PC, Kollars TM Jr, Evans SR, Barry RK, Vince MA, Dobbs NA. Evidence of Borrelia lonestari DNA in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) removed from humans.. J Clin Microbiol 2003 Dec;41(12):5557-62.
                      pmc: PMC308998pubmed: 14662940doi: 10.1128/jcm.41.12.5557-5562.2003google scholar: lookup
                    35. Spolidorio MG, Labruna MB, Zago AM, Donatele DM, Caliari KM, Yoshinari NH. Hepatozoon canis infecting dogs in the State of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil.. Vet Parasitol 2009 Aug 26;163(4):357-61.
                      pubmed: 19482427doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.002google scholar: lookup
                    36. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. Basic local alignment search tool.. J Mol Biol 1990 Oct 5;215(3):403-10.
                      pubmed: 2231712doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(05)80360-2google scholar: lookup
                    37. Joppert AM, Hagiwara MK, Yoshinari NH. Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in dogs from Cotia county, São Paulo State, Brazil.. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2001 Sep-Oct;43(5):251-5.
                      pubmed: 11696846doi: 10.1590/s0036-46652001000500003google scholar: lookup
                    38. Voller A, Bidwell DE, Bartlett A. Enzyme immunoassays in diagnostic medicine. Theory and practice.. Bull World Health Organ 1976;53(1):55-65.
                      pmc: PMC2366417pubmed: 1085667
                    39. Naka EN, Costa IP, Arão CA, Soares CO, Yoshinari NH. Pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Borrelia e anti-Babesia em soro de crianças com manifestações clínicas e epidemiologia compatíveis com a doença de lyme-simile no estado de mato grosso do sul.. Rev Bras Reumatol 2008;48:74–85.
                    40. Salles RS, Fonseca AH, Scofield A, Madureira RC, Yoshinari NH. Sorologia para Borrelia burgdorferi latu sensu em eqüinos no estado do Rio de Janeiro.. Hora Vet 2002;127:46–49.
                    41. Labruna MB, Horta MC, Aguiar DM, Cavalcante GT, Pinter A, Gennari SM, Camargo LM. Prevalence of Rickettsia infection in dogs from the urban and rural areas of Monte Negro municipality, western Amazon, Brazil.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2007 Summer;7(2):249-55.
                      pubmed: 17627445doi: 10.1089/vbz.2006.0621google scholar: lookup
                    42. Ristic M, Huxsoll DL, Weisiger RM, Hildebrandt PK, Nyindo MB. Serological diagnosis of tropical canine pancytopenia by indirect immunofluorescence.. Infect Immun 1972 Sep;6(3):226-31.
                      pmc: PMC422520pubmed: 4118045doi: 10.1128/iai.6.3.226-231.1972google scholar: lookup
                    43. Baldani CD, Machado RZ, Raso TF, Pinto AA. Serodiagnosis of Babesia equi in horses submitted to exercise stress.. Pesqui Vet Bras 2007;27:179–183.
                    44. Callow LL, McGregor W, Rodwell BJ, Rogers RJ, Fraser GC, Mahoney DF, Robertson GM. Evaluation of an indirect fluorescent antibody test to diagnose Babesia equi infection in horses.. Aust Vet J 1979 Dec;55(12):555-9.
                      pubmed: 395937doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb07044.xgoogle scholar: lookup
                    45. Shinjo SK, Gauditano G, Marchiori PE, Bonoldi VL, Costa IP, Mantovani E, Yoshinari NH. Manifestação neurológica na síndrome de Baggio-Yoshinari (síndrome brasileira semelhante à doença de lyme). Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia 2009;49:492–498.
                    46. DAVIS GE. Observations on the biology of the argasid tick, Ornithodoros brasiliensis Aragão, 1923; with the recovery of a spirochete, Borrelia brasiliensis, n. sp.. J Parasitol 1952 Oct;38(5):473-6.
                      pubmed: 12991141
                    47. Perez M, Bodor M, Zhang C, Xiong Q, Rikihisa Y. Human infection with Ehrlichia canis accompanied by clinical signs in Venezuela.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006 Oct;1078:110-7.
                      pubmed: 17114689doi: 10.1196/annals.1374.016google scholar: lookup

                    Citations

                    This article has been cited 9 times.
                    1. Trevisan G, Cinco M, Trevisini S, di Meo N, Chersi K, Ruscio M, Forgione P, Bonin S. Borreliae Part 1: Borrelia Lyme Group and Echidna-Reptile Group.. Biology (Basel) 2021 Oct 12;10(10).
                      doi: 10.3390/biology10101036pubmed: 34681134google scholar: lookup
                    2. Michalski MM, Kubiak K, Szczotko M, Chajęcka M, Dmitryjuk M. Molecular Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ticks Collected from Dogs in Urban Areas of North-Eastern Poland.. Pathogens 2020 Jun 9;9(6).
                      doi: 10.3390/pathogens9060455pubmed: 32526836google scholar: lookup
                    3. Day MJ, Crawford C, Marcondes M, Squires RA. Recommendations on vaccination for Latin American small animal practitioners: a report of the WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group.. J Small Anim Pract 2020 Jun;61(6):E1-E35.
                      doi: 10.1111/jsap.13125pubmed: 32227347google scholar: lookup
                    4. Barbosa COS, Garcia JR, de Melo Nasser Fava N, Pereira DA, da Cunha MJR, Nachum-Biala Y, Cury MC, Baneth G. Babesiosis caused by Babesia vogeli in dogs from Uberlândia State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.. Parasitol Res 2020 Mar;119(3):1173-1176.
                      doi: 10.1007/s00436-019-06515-3pubmed: 32140779google scholar: lookup
                    5. Maggi RG, Krämer F. A review on the occurrence of companion vector-borne diseases in pet animals in Latin America.. Parasit Vectors 2019 Mar 28;12(1):145.
                      doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3407-xpubmed: 30917860google scholar: lookup
                    6. Constantino C, de Paula EF, Brandão AP, Ferreira F, Vieira RF, Biondo AW. Survey of spatial distribution of vector-borne disease in neighborhood dogs in southern Brazil.. Open Vet J 2017;7(1):50-56.
                      doi: 10.4314/ovj.v7i1.7pubmed: 28331833google scholar: lookup
                    7. Motaghipisheh S, Akhtardanesh B, Ghanbarpour R, Aflatoonian MR, Khalili M, Nourollahifard SR, Mokhtari S. Ehrlichiosis in Household Dogs and Parasitized Ticks in Kerman-Iran: Preliminary Zoonotic Risk Assessment.. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2016 Jun;10(2):245-51.
                      pubmed: 27308282
                    8. Brites-Neto J, Duarte KM, Martins TF. Tick-borne infections in human and animal population worldwide.. Vet World 2015 Mar;8(3):301-15.
                      doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.301-315pubmed: 27047089google scholar: lookup
                    9. Moraes-Filho J, Krawczak FS, Costa FB, Soares JF, Labruna MB. Comparative Evaluation of the Vector Competence of Four South American Populations of the Rhipicephalus sanguineus Group for the Bacterium Ehrlichia canis, the Agent of Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis.. PLoS One 2015;10(9):e0139386.
                      doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139386pubmed: 26414283google scholar: lookup
                    Subscribe to our newsletter
                    Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.