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Veterinary surgery : VS2019; 48(8); 1473-1482; doi: 10.1111/vsu.13309

Synovial butorphanol concentrations and mechanical nociceptive thresholds after intravenous regional limb perfusion in standing sedated horses.

Abstract: To determine synovial butorphanol concentrations and mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) changes after butorphanol intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP). Methods: Experimental ANIMALS: Six adult horses. Methods: Cephalic IVRLP was performed with 10 mg butorphanol in sedated horses with a wide rubber tourniquet and a total volume of 30 mL. Radiocarpal synovial fluid and serum concentrations along with MNT were evaluated prior to and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after IVRLP. Butorphanol concentrations were determined with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry positive electrospray ionization. Results: Butorphanol concentrations reached mean (SD) peak concentrations of 9.47 ng/mL (±12.00) in synovial fluid and 3.89 ng/mL (3.29) in serum 30 minutes after IVRLP. Concentrations remained above baseline for 4 hours in synovial fluid (P ≤ .017) and for 2 hours in serum (P ≤ .016). The only difference in MNT was detected 1 hour after IVRLP, when MNT were higher in controls than in treated horses (P = .047). Conclusions: Butorphanol IVRLP seemed well tolerated and resulted in measurable levels of butorphanol in the radiocarpal synovial fluid of five of six horses. Conclusions: Intravenous regional limb perfusion appears to be a viable alternative to administer butorphanol, but additional investigation is required to evaluate the dose and local concentrations required for analgesia.
© 2019 The American College of Veterinary Surgeons.
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Publication Date: 2019-09-12 PubMed ID: 31513300DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13309Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Clinical Trial
  • Veterinary
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates the concentration of a drug, butorphanol, in the synovial fluid and the corresponding change in pain thresholds in horses after being administered through intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP). The research found that the drug was well-tolerated and led to measurable levels in the synovial fluid, suggesting that IVRLP could be an alternative way to administer butorphanol, although further studies are needed to determine the appropriate dose and local concentrations for pain relief.

Methods

  • The study involved six adult horses, in which 10mg of butorphanol was administered through cephalic IVRLP.
  • The delivery was done in a total volume of 30 mL, with the aid of a wide rubber tourniquet to restrict blood flow and encourage nutrient exchange in the limb.
  • Samples of both radiocarpal synovial fluid (fluid within the joint) and serum were regularly evaluated at multiple time points after the administration of the drug – right before, as well as 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after IVRLP.
  • The butorphanol concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry positive electrospray ionization, a powerful technique for identifying and quantifying small molecules.

Results

  • The results showed that the concentrations of butorphanol peaked in synovial fluid at a mean value of 9.47 ng/mL about 30 minutes after IVRLP, while the serum showed a peak concentration of 3.89 ng/mL.
  • The drug concentration levels remained above baseline for 4 hours in the synovial fluid and for 2 hours in the serum, according to statistical analysis (P ≤ .017 and P ≤ .016 respectively).
  • Changes in mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNT), a measure of pain sensitivity, were also noted. There was a significant difference in MNT one hour after IVRLP, where the control group had higher MNT than the treated horses, indicating lower sensitivity to pain in the treated group (P = .047).

Conclusions

  • The use of butorphanol through IVRLP was found to be well-tolerated by the horses and resulted in measurable drug levels in the synovial fluid of five out of the six horses.
  • This suggests the potential for IVRLP as a viable method to administer butorphanol.
  • However, the study also highlighted the need for additional research to determine the appropriate dose and local concentrations required to deliver effective pain relief using this method.

Cite This Article

APA
Crabtree NE, Mochal-King CA, Sloan PB, Eddy AL, Wills RW, Meredith AN, Fontenot RL. (2019). Synovial butorphanol concentrations and mechanical nociceptive thresholds after intravenous regional limb perfusion in standing sedated horses. Vet Surg, 48(8), 1473-1482. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13309

Publication

Veterinary surgery : VS
ISSN: 1532-950X
NlmUniqueID: 8113214
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 48
Issue: 8
Pages: 1473-1482

Researcher Affiliations

Crabtree, Naomi E
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi.
Mochal-King, Cathleen A
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi.
Sloan, Pearce B
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi.
Eddy, Alison L
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi.
Wills, Robert W
  • Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi.
Meredith, Ashley N
  • Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi.
Fontenot, Robin L
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi.

MeSH Terms

  • Administration, Intravenous
  • Amikacin / administration & dosage
  • Analgesics, Opioid / administration & dosage
  • Analgesics, Opioid / pharmacokinetics
  • Animals
  • Anti-Bacterial Agents / administration & dosage
  • Butorphanol / administration & dosage
  • Butorphanol / pharmacokinetics
  • Forelimb
  • Horses / metabolism
  • Pain / veterinary
  • Perfusion / veterinary
  • Posture
  • Regional Blood Flow
  • Synovial Fluid / chemistry
  • Vascular Surgical Procedures

Grant Funding

  • 110000-182500-021000-CVM022 / Mississippi State University, College of Veterinary Medicine - Office of Research and Graduate Studies House Officer Clinical Research Grant

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Troya-Portillo L, López-Sanromán J, Villalba-Orero M, Santiago-Llorente I. Cardiorespiratory, Sedative and Antinociceptive Effects of a Medetomidine Constant Rate Infusion with Morphine, Ketamine or Both. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jul 13;11(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11072081pubmed: 34359209google scholar: lookup
  2. Haussler KK. Pressure Algometry for the Detection of Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2020 Nov 24;10(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10122195pubmed: 33255216google scholar: lookup
  3. Valverde A, Cribb N, Arroyo L. Morphine concentrations in distal thoracic limb synovial fluid following intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses. Can J Vet Res 2023 Oct;87(4):254-259.
    pubmed: 37790266
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