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Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Immunol Immunopathol / Temporal changes in cytokine expression of foals during the ...
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology2003; 92(1-2); 75-85; doi: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00021-7

Temporal changes in cytokine expression of foals during the first month of life.

Abstract: Foals are uniquely susceptible to a wide variety of opportunistic infections normally associated with immunodeficiencies. Little is understood about the immune system of foals during the neonatal period. An apparent age-related susceptibility predisposes neonatal foals to infectious diseases and hinders therapeutic and preventative interventions for these diseases. Cytokine expression is correlated with the type of immune response as well as the severity of a disease. In this study, we measured foal peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-specific mRNA cytokine expression from 72 foals from three different farms during the first 4 weeks of life. Interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) were cloned and transcribed in vitro to generate antisense probes for ribonuclease protection assays. Using linear mixed-effect models, we determined that IFN-gamma, TGF-beta1, and IL-1alpha increased significantly (P<0.05) with age.
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Publication Date: 2003-03-12 PubMed ID: 12628765DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00021-7Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study analyzes the changes in cytokine expression in foals during their first month of life, revealing a previously unknown aspect of the equine immune system that may impact the young animal’s susceptibility to disease.

Understanding the Objective of the Study

  • The primary aim of the study was to examine the immune system of newborn foals, particularly the changes in cytokine expression during their first month of life.
  • Despite the known susceptibility of foals to a wide range of opportunistic infections, little research has been conducted to understand the intricacies of the foal immune system, particularly during the neonatal period.
  • The researchers proposed that cytokine expression could be linked to the immune response and severity of a disease, ultimately leading to a better understanding of disease susceptibility in young foals.

Methodology Employed in the Study

  • The research team measured the mRNA cytokine expression from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 72 foals from three different farms.
  • These measurements were taken during the first four weeks of their lives in order to monitor any changes over time.
  • Several types of cytokines, including Interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), were cloned and transcribed in vitro to generate antisense probes for ribonuclease protection assays.

Key Findings of the Study

  • The study found that the cytokine expressions IFN-gamma, TGF-beta1, and IL-1alpha had an increase that was statistically significant as the foals aged.
  • The indication of this significant increase in the cytokines might shed light on the immune development and responses in foals that could correlate to their susceptibility to certain diseases.
  • These results could open up new avenues for therapeutic and preventative interventions for diseases in neonatal foals.

Cite This Article

APA
Boyd NK, Cohen ND, Lim WS, Martens RJ, Chaffin MK, Ball JM. (2003). Temporal changes in cytokine expression of foals during the first month of life. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 92(1-2), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(03)00021-7

Publication

Veterinary immunology and immunopathology
ISSN: 0165-2427
NlmUniqueID: 8002006
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 92
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 75-85

Researcher Affiliations

Boyd, N K
  • Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4467, USA.
Cohen, N D
    Lim, W-S
      Martens, R J
        Chaffin, M K
          Ball, J M

            MeSH Terms

            • Age Factors
            • Animals
            • Animals, Newborn
            • Cytokines / biosynthesis
            • Cytokines / genetics
            • Horses / blood
            • Horses / immunology
            • Leukocytes, Mononuclear / immunology
            • Leukocytes, Mononuclear / metabolism
            • Linear Models
            • RNA, Messenger / biosynthesis
            • RNA, Messenger / genetics
            • Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
            • Ribonucleases / metabolism

            Citations

            This article has been cited 14 times.
            1. Rivolta AA, Bujold AR, Wilmarth PA, Phinney BS, Navelski JP, Horohov DW, Sanz MG. Comparison of the broncoalveolar lavage fluid proteomics between foals and adult horses.. PLoS One 2023;18(9):e0290778.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290778pubmed: 37669266google scholar: lookup
            2. Bordin AI, Cohen ND, Giguère S, Bray JM, Berghaus LJ, Scott B, Johnson R, Hook M. Host-directed therapy in foals can enhance functional innate immunity and reduce severity of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia.. Sci Rep 2021 Jan 28;11(1):2483.
              doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82049-ypubmed: 33510265google scholar: lookup
            3. Migdał A, Migdał Ł, Oczkowicz M, Okólski A, Chełmońska-Soyta A. Influence of Age and Immunostimulation on the Level of Toll-Like Receptor Gene (TLR3, 4, and 7) Expression in Foals.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Oct 26;10(11).
              doi: 10.3390/ani10111966pubmed: 33114637google scholar: lookup
            4. Rocha JN, Cohen ND, Bordin AI, Brake CN, Giguère S, Coleman MC, Alaniz RC, Lawhon SD, Mwangi W, Pillai SD. Oral Administration of Electron-Beam Inactivated Rhodococcus equi Failed to Protect Foals against Intrabronchial Infection with Live, Virulent R. equi.. PLoS One 2016;11(2):e0148111.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148111pubmed: 26828865google scholar: lookup
            5. McQueen CM, Dindot SV, Foster MJ, Cohen ND. Genetic Susceptibility to Rhodococcus equi.. J Vet Intern Med 2015 Nov-Dec;29(6):1648-59.
              doi: 10.1111/jvim.13616pubmed: 26340305google scholar: lookup
            6. Whitfield-Cargile CM, Cohen ND, Suchodolski J, Chaffin MK, McQueen CM, Arnold CE, Dowd SE, Blodgett GP. Composition and Diversity of the Fecal Microbiome and Inferred Fecal Metagenome Does Not Predict Subsequent Pneumonia Caused by Rhodococcus equi in Foals.. PLoS One 2015;10(8):e0136586.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136586pubmed: 26305682google scholar: lookup
            7. Hamza E, Mirkovitch J, Steinbach F, Marti E. Regulatory T cells in early life: comparative study of CD4+CD25high T cells from foals and adult horses.. PLoS One 2015;10(3):e0120661.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120661pubmed: 25790481google scholar: lookup
            8. Cohen ND, Bourquin JR, Bordin AI, Kuskie KR, Brake CN, Weaver KB, Liu M, Felippe MJ, Kogut MH. Intramuscular administration of a synthetic CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide modulates functional responses of neutrophils of neonatal foals.. PLoS One 2014;9(10):e109865.
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            9. Bordin AI, Pillai SD, Brake C, Bagley KB, Bourquin JR, Coleman M, Oliveira FN, Mwangi W, McMurray DN, Love CC, Felippe MJ, Cohen ND. Immunogenicity of an electron beam inactivated Rhodococcus equi vaccine in neonatal foals.. PLoS One 2014;9(8):e105367.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105367pubmed: 25153708google scholar: lookup
            10. Kachroo P, Ivanov I, Seabury AG, Liu M, Chowdhary BP, Cohen ND. Age-related changes following in vitro stimulation with Rhodococcus equi of peripheral blood leukocytes from neonatal foals.. PLoS One 2013;8(5):e62879.
              doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062879pubmed: 23690962google scholar: lookup
            11. Harris SP, Hines MT, Mealey RH, Alperin DC, Hines SA. Early development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in neonatal foals following oral inoculation with Rhodococcus equi.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011 Jun 15;141(3-4):312-6.
              doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.03.015pubmed: 21481947google scholar: lookup
            12. Ryan C, Giguère S. Equine neonates have attenuated humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to a killed adjuvanted vaccine compared to adult horses.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010 Dec;17(12):1896-902.
              doi: 10.1128/CVI.00328-10pubmed: 20943883google scholar: lookup
            13. Wagner B, Burton A, Ainsworth D. Interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 production by T helper cells reveals intact Th1 and regulatory TR1 cell activation and a delay of the Th2 cell response in equine neonates and foals.. Vet Res 2010 Jul-Aug;41(4):47.
              doi: 10.1051/vetres/2010019pubmed: 20374696google scholar: lookup
            14. Foley JE, Rand C, Leutenegger C. Inflammation and changes in cytokine levels in neurological feline infectious peritonitis.. J Feline Med Surg 2003 Dec;5(6):313-22.
              doi: 10.1016/S1098-612X(03)00048-2pubmed: 14623200google scholar: lookup
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