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PloS one2016; 11(4); e0154580; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154580

The Brain of the Domestic Bos taurus: Weight, Encephalization and Cerebellar Quotients, and Comparison with Other Domestic and Wild Cetartiodactyla.

Abstract: The domestic bovine Bos taurus is raised worldwide for meat and milk production, or even for field work. However the functional anatomy of its central nervous system has received limited attention and most of the reported data in textbooks and reviews are derived from single specimens or relatively old literature. Here we report information on the brain of Bos taurus obtained by sampling 158 individuals, 150 of which at local abattoirs and 8 in the dissecting room, these latter subsequently formalin-fixed. Using body weight and fresh brain weight we calculated the Encephalization Quotient (EQ), and Cerebellar Quotient (CQ). Formalin-fixed brains sampled in the necropsy room were used to calculate the absolute and relative weight of the major components of the brain. The data that we obtained indicate that the domestic bovine Bos taurus possesses a large, convoluted brain, with a slightly lower weight than expected for an animal of its mass. Comparisons with other terrestrial and marine members of the order Cetartiodactyla suggested close similarity with other species with the same feeding adaptations, and with representative baleen whales. On the other hand differences with fish-hunting toothed whales suggest separate evolutionary pathways in brain evolution. Comparison with the other large domestic herbivore Equus caballus (belonging to the order Perissodactyla) indicates that Bos taurus underwent heavier selection of bodily traits, which is also possibly reflected in a comparatively lower EQ than in the horse. The data analyzed suggest that the brain of domestic bovine is potentially interesting for comparative neuroscience studies and may represents an alternative model to investigate neurodegeneration processes.
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Publication Date: 2016-04-29 PubMed ID: 27128674PubMed Central: PMC4851379DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154580Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research focused on studying the brain of the domestic bovine (Bos taurus), a widely reared species for meat and milk or used for field work. It involved data from 158 individuals and offered insights into the animal’s brain composition, size in relation to body weight, comparison with other species and implications for the study of neurodegenerative processes.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers obtained data from 158 Bos taurus individuals. Of these, 150 were sampled at local abattoirs and 8 in a dissecting room.
  • They performed calculations using the animal’s body weight and fresh brain weight to derive the Encephalization Quotient (EQ) and the Cerebellar Quotient (CQ).
  • For those sampled in the necropsy room, the researchers used formalin-fixed brains to calculate the absolute and relative weight of the brain’s major components.

Findings

  • The Bos taurus has a large, complex brain slightly lighter than expected for its body size.
  • Comparisons with other terrestrial and marine members of the Cetartiodactyla order (cloven-hoofed mammals) showed close similarities, especially with those having similar feeding habits and baleen whales.
  • A notable difference was observed with fish-hunting toothed whales, suggesting divergent evolutionary paths in brain development.
  • Analysis also indicated that Bos taurus experienced a heavier selection of body traits compared to Equus caballus (horse), possibly reflected in its comparatively lower EQ.

Implications

  • The findings suggest that the brain of Bos taurus might be interesting for comparative neuroscience studies.
  • Additionally, it might be a useful alternative model to study neurodegeneration processes.

Cite This Article

APA
Ballarin C, Povinelli M, Granato A, Panin M, Corain L, Peruffo A, Cozzi B. (2016). The Brain of the Domestic Bos taurus: Weight, Encephalization and Cerebellar Quotients, and Comparison with Other Domestic and Wild Cetartiodactyla. PLoS One, 11(4), e0154580. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154580

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 4
Pages: e0154580

Researcher Affiliations

Ballarin, Cristina
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
Povinelli, Michele
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
Granato, Alberto
  • Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Rome, Largo Gemelli 1, 20100 Milan (MI), Italy.
Panin, Mattia
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
Corain, Livio
  • Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza (VI), Italy.
Peruffo, Antonella
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
Cozzi, Bruno
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Animals, Domestic
  • Animals, Wild
  • Artiodactyla / anatomy & histology
  • Biological Evolution
  • Body Weight
  • Brain / anatomy & histology
  • Cattle
  • Cerebellum / anatomy & histology
  • Female
  • Horses
  • Male
  • Mammals / anatomy & histology
  • Organ Size
  • Species Specificity
  • Whales / anatomy & histology

Conflict of Interest Statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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