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International journal of environmental research and public health2013; 10(12); 6255-6272; doi: 10.3390/ijerph10126255

The changing epidemiology of Kunjin virus in Australia.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus responsible for outbreaks of viral encephalitis in humans and horses, with particularly virulent strains causing recent outbreaks of disease in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North America. A strain of WNV, Kunjin (WNVKUN), is endemic in northern Australia and infection with this virus is generally asymptomatic. However in early 2011, an unprecedented outbreak of encephalitis in horses occurred in south-eastern Australia, resulting in mortality in approximately 10%-15% of infected horses. A WNV-like virus (WNVNSW2011) was isolated and found to be most closely related to the indigenous WNVKUN, rather than other exotic WNV strains. Furthermore, at least two amino acid changes associated with increased virulence of the North American New York 99 strain (WNVNY99) compared to the prototype WNVKUN were present in the WNVNSW2011 sequence. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNVKUN and how the epidemiology and ecology of this virus has changed. Analysis of virulence determinants of contemporary WNVKUN isolates will provide clues on where virulent strains have emerged in Australia. A better understanding of the changing ecology and epidemiology associated with the emergence of virulent strains is essential to prepare for future outbreaks of WNV disease in Australia.
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Publication Date: 2013-11-25 PubMed ID: 24287851PubMed Central: PMC3881112DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10126255Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research explores the evolution of the Kunjin strain of the West Nile virus (WNV) in Australia, observing a notable outbreak in 2011 causing mortality in horses. The study aims to understand how this strain’s epidemiology and ecology has altered, to prepare for future outbreaks.

Objective of the Research

  • The primary objective of this research is to analyze the evolving epidemiology of the Kunjin virus, a strain of the West Nile Virus (WNV), endemic to northern Australia. The focus is on understanding the changes in the ecology and epidemiology of the virus which led to an outbreak in 2011.

Context and Background

  • West Nile Virus is a mosquito-borne virus that can cause viral encephalitis in humans and horses. It has been responsible for disease outbreaks in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and North America.
  • A more benign strain of this virus, known as Kunjin (WNVKUN), is prevalent in northern Australia, typically causing asymptomatic infections.

2011 Outbreak

  • In 2011, an unusual outbreak of encephalitis occurred among horses in south-eastern Australia, resulting in death in around 10-15% of the infected horses.
  • A virus (WNVNSW2011) similar to the West Nile Virus was isolated from the affected horses. The isolated strain was closely related to the endemic WNVKUN, rather than other exotic strains of the WNV.

Analysis of the WNVNSW2011 Virus

  • Further analysis showed at least two amino acid changes in the WNVNSW2011 virus, those being markers of increased virulence in the North American New York 99 strain (WNVNY99) as compared with the prototype WNVKUN.
  • This discovery suggests that more virulent strains of the virus have emerged in Australia.

Conclusions and Future Directions

  • The goal of this review is to provide a deeper understanding of the changing epidemiology and ecology of the Kunjin virus.
  • This knowledge is critical in preparing for future outbreaks of the West Nile Virus in Australia. Investigations into the virulence determinants of contemporary WNVKUN isolates will be particularly valuable for healthcare planning and possibly disease prevention.

Cite This Article

APA
Prow NA. (2013). The changing epidemiology of Kunjin virus in Australia. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 10(12), 6255-6272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10126255

Publication

International journal of environmental research and public health
ISSN: 1660-4601
NlmUniqueID: 101238455
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 12
Pages: 6255-6272

Researcher Affiliations

Prow, Natalie A
  • Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia. n.prow@uq.edu.au.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Australia / epidemiology
  • Culicidae / physiology
  • Culicidae / virology
  • Disease Outbreaks
  • Humans
  • Insect Vectors / physiology
  • Insect Vectors / virology
  • Population Surveillance
  • Virulence / genetics
  • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / virology
  • West Nile virus / genetics
  • West Nile virus / physiology

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