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PloS one2019; 14(6); e0218576; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218576

The effect of maternal immunity on the equine gammaherpesvirus type 2 and 5 viral load and antibody response.

Abstract: Two types of gammaherpesviruses (γEHV) are known to infect horses, EHV-2 and EHV-5. Foals become infected early in life, probably via the upper respiratory tract, despite maternal antibodies. In this study, we analyzed samples from a herd of mares and their foals. The foals were followed from birth to 22 months of age and the dams during the first 6 months postpartum. Blood and nasal swab samples were taken regularly for evaluation of antibody responses, virus isolation and viral load by qPCR. EHV-2 was isolated on day 5, and EHV-5 on day 12, earlier than previously reported. γEHV specific antibodies were not detectable in serum of foals before colostrum intake but peaked a few days after colostrum. Overall, EHV-2 viral load peaked in nasal swab at three to four months of age, paralleled with decline in maternal antibodies, but EHV-5 viral load did not peak until month 12. Maternal antibodies had a notable effect on the viral load and induction of endogenous antibody production. Foals were grouped in two groups depending on the mare's γEHV specific total IgG levels in serum at birth, group-high and group-low. Group-high had higher levels of maternal γEHV specific total IgG and IgG4/7 for the first 3 months, but when the endogenous production had superseded maternal antibodies, group-low was higher. The maternal antibodies had an effect on the γEHV viral load. Group-low peaked in EHV-2 viral load one month earlier than group-high. These effects were more evident for EHV-5, as there were seven months between the viral load peaks for the groups. The study provides information on how maternal antibody transfer affects γEHV shedding and antibody production in offspring. It also extends our knowledge on the occurrence of EHV-2 and EHV-5 infection in foals during the first two years of life.
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Publication Date: 2019-06-21 PubMed ID: 31226153PubMed Central: PMC6588279DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218576Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses a study on how maternal immunity impacts the viral load and antibody responses for equine gammaherpesvirus types 2 and 5 (EHV-2 and EHV-5) in foals. Findings indicate that antibody levels transferred from mare to foal affect the timing and intensity of γEHV viral shedding and the production of endogenous antibodies in the foal.

Research Methodology

  • The study followed a herd of mares and their foals from birth to 22 months of age, also including the mares in the first 6 months postpartum.
  • Blood and nasal swab samples were regularly collected for antibody response evaluation, virus isolation, and viral load assessment using quantitative PCR (qPCR).
  • EHV-2 was first isolated on the fifth day, and EHV-5 was first isolated on the twelfth, which is earlier than previously documented.
  • The research team examined the effect of maternal antibodies on the viral load and induction of the foals’ own antibody production.

Key Findings

  • γEHV specific antibodies were not found in the foals’ serum before colostrum intake, but peaked a few days after.
  • Overall, EHV-2 viral load peaked in nasal swabs when the foals were three to four months old, a timing that correlated with a decrease in maternal antibodies. However, the EHV-5 viral load did not peak until the 12th month.
  • The maternal antibodies had a significant effect on γEHV viral load. Mares and foals were divided into two groups based on the mare’s γEHV specific total IgG levels at birth – group-high and group-low. The foals of group-high had higher levels of maternal γEHV specific total IgG and IgG4/7 for the first three months, but when endogenous antibody production surpassed maternal antibodies, group-low was higher.
  • The EHV-2 viral load in group-low peaked a month earlier than those in group-high, with these effects being more evident for EHV-5, with a seven-month gap in viral load peaks between the groups.

Conclusions of the Study

  • The study concluded that the transfer of maternal antibodies affects the viral shedding and antibody production of γEHV in the foals.
  • It also contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of the emergence of EHV-2 and EHV-5 infections in horse foals during the first two years of their lives.

Cite This Article

APA
Thorsteinsdóttir L, Jónsdóttir S, Stefánsdóttir SB, Andrésdóttir V, Wagner B, Marti E, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V. (2019). The effect of maternal immunity on the equine gammaherpesvirus type 2 and 5 viral load and antibody response. PLoS One, 14(6), e0218576. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218576

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 6
Pages: e0218576
PII: e0218576

Researcher Affiliations

Thorsteinsdóttir, Lilja
  • Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland.
Jónsdóttir, Sigríður
  • Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland.
  • Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
Stefánsdóttir, Sara Björk
  • Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland.
Andrésdóttir, Valgerður
  • Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland.
Wagner, Bettina
  • Department of Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.
Marti, Eliane
  • Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
Torsteinsdóttir, Sigurbjörg
  • Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland.
Svansson, Vilhjálmur
  • Institute for Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Female
  • Gammaherpesvirinae / immunology
  • Gammaherpesvirinae / pathogenicity
  • Herpesviridae Infections / immunology
  • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Herpesviridae Infections / virology
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses / immunology
  • Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
  • Male
  • Viral Load / immunology
  • Viral Load / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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Citations

This article has been cited 4 times.
  1. Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Rola J. Kinetics of the Equid Herpesvirus 2 and 5 Infections among Mares and Foals from Three Polish National Studs. Viruses 2022 Mar 29;14(4).
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  2. Scheurer L, Bachofen C, Hardmeier I, Lechmann J, Schoster A. Prevalence of Nasal Shedding of Equid Gammaherpesviruses in Healthy Swiss Horses. Viruses 2021 Aug 25;13(9).
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  3. El Sheikh AI, Almathen F, Hussen J. Investigation of total immunoglobulin G concentration, heavy chain antibody levels, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in female camels and their newborn calves. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020 Nov;52(6):3863-3868.
    doi: 10.1007/s11250-020-02425-0pubmed: 32996038google scholar: lookup
  4. Rivero MJ, Cooke AS, Gandarillas M, Leon R, Merino VM, Velásquez A. Nutritional composition, fatty acids profile and immunoglobulin G concentrations of mare milk of the Chilean Corralero horse breed. PLoS One 2024;19(9):e0310693.
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