FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2023; 13(12); doi: 10.3390/ani13122028

The Effect of Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (rESWT) on the Skin Surface Temperature of the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle in Clinically Healthy Racing Thoroughbreds: A Preliminary Study.

Abstract: Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) is increasingly being used to treat musculoskeletal injuries in horses. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of rESWT on the skin surface temperature of the longissimus dorsi muscle in clinically healthy racing horses. A total of 24 thoroughbreds were divided into a study group (n = 12) and an rESWT-sham group (n = 12). The study group underwent rESWT, whereas the rESWT-sham group had rESWT without probe activation in the treated area. Both groups underwent thermographic examination before and just after rESWT to determine and compare skin surface temperatures. Palpation examination was performed after the first and second thermography examination to assess longissimus dorsi muscle tone. Additionally, thermographic examination was repeated 10 min after the rESWT. In both groups, there was an increase in skin surface temperature just after rESWT, and a decrease 10 min after it to below the initial value. In the study group, the skin surface temperature just after rESWT was higher than in the rESWT-sham group. Additionally, in the study group the average muscle tone before rESWT was significantly higher than just after the procedure, whereas in the rESWT-sham group the average change in muscle tone was not significant. The results proved that rESWT increases skin surface temperature of the longissimus dorsi muscle in clinically healthy horses. Further research is necessary in order to configure shockwave treatment with appropriate parameters for effective and safe therapy.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-06-18 PubMed ID: 37370538PubMed Central: PMC10295447DOI: 10.3390/ani13122028Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is about a study that investigates the impact of Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (rESWT) on the skin surface temperature of a specific muscle in racehorses. The results show that rESWT increases the skin surface temperature and alters muscle tone, suggesting its potential use in treating muscle injuries.

Research Objective

  • The objective of the research was to assess the impact of Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (rESWT) on the skin surface temperature and muscle tone of the longissimus dorsi muscle in clinically healthy racehorses.

Methodology

  • In this study, a total of 24 thoroughbreds were divided into two groups – a study group that underwent rESWT and an rESWT-sham group that was treated with rESWT without activating the probe in the treatment area.
  • Both groups underwent thermographic examination before and immediately after rESWT to determine and compare skin surface temperatures.
  • They also conducted a palpation examination after the first and second thermography examination to evaluate the tone of the longissimus dorsi muscle.
  • Furthermore, they repeated the thermographic examination 10 minutes after the rESWT.

Results and Findings

  • Both groups exhibited an increase in skin surface temperature immediately after rESWT and a decrease in temperature 10 minutes after the procedure to below the initial value.
  • The study group experienced a higher skin surface temperature just after rESWT compared to the rESWT-sham group.
  • In the study group, the average muscle tone before rESWT was significantly higher than just after the procedure, whereas the change in muscle tone in the rESWT-sham group was insignificant.
  • These results confirmed that rESWT affects the skin surface temperature of the longissimus dorsi muscle in healthy racehorses.

Conclusion and Recommendations

  • The authors conclude that rESWT can alter the skin surface temperature and muscle tone in racehorses, indicating its potential use in therapies for muscle injuries. However, they urge that more research is necessary to determine the most effective and safe treatment parameters of shockwave therapy.

Cite This Article

APA
Śniegucka K, Soroko-Dubrovina M, Zielińska P, Dudek K, Žuffová K. (2023). The Effect of Radial Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (rESWT) on the Skin Surface Temperature of the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle in Clinically Healthy Racing Thoroughbreds: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel), 13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13122028

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 12

Researcher Affiliations

Śniegucka, Karolina
  • Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland.
Soroko-Dubrovina, Maria
  • Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland.
Zielińska, Paulina
  • Department of Surgery, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland.
Dudek, Krzysztof
  • Center for Statistical Analysis, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
Žuffová, Kristína
  • Equine Clinic, Brno University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 612-42 Brno, Czech Republic.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 60 references
  1. MacKay A.V., McOnie R.C., Riddell L.P., Robinson K.A.. Characterization of the use of shock wave therapy among equine veterinarians.. Can. Vet. J. 2020;61:990–993.
    pmc: PMC7424940pubmed: 32879526
  2. McClure S., Dorfmüller C.. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy: Theory and equipment.. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 2003;2:348–357.
    doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2004.04.008google scholar: lookup
  3. Dyson S., Ross M.W.. Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse.. Volume 1191. Elsevier Health Sciences; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2003. pp. 914–919.
  4. Gary M., Baxter G.M.. Adams and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses.. 6th ed. Volume 118, 736. Wiley-Blackwell; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 2011. pp. 961–962.
  5. Dahlberg J.A.. Evaluation of the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on osteroarthritis and post-ESWT analgesia in animal models.. Iowa State Univ. Dig. Repos. 2006;4:34–35.
  6. Simplicio C.L., Purita J., Murrell W., Santos G.S., Dos Santos R.G., Lana J.F.S.D.. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy mechanisms in musculoskeletal regenerative medicine.. J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma. 2020;11:S309–S318.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.02.004pmc: PMC7275282pubmed: 32523286google scholar: lookup
  7. van der Worp H., van den Akker-Scheek I., Van Schie H., Zwerver J.. ESWT for tendinopathy: Technology and clinical implications.. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc. 2013;21:1451–1458.
    doi: 10.1007/s00167-012-2009-3pmc: PMC3657080pubmed: 22547246google scholar: lookup
  8. Trebinjac S., Mujić-Skikić E., Ninković M., Karaiković E.. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in orthopaedic diseases.. Bosn. J. Basic Med. 2005;5:27.
    doi: 10.17305/bjbms.2005.3280pmc: PMC7214065pubmed: 16053451google scholar: lookup
  9. Wu S.S., Ericson K.J., Shoskes D.A.. Retrospective comparison of focused shockwave therapy and radial wave therapy for men with erectile dysfunction.. Transl. Androl. Urol. 2020;9:2122.
    doi: 10.21037/tau-20-911pmc: PMC7658170pubmed: 33209675google scholar: lookup
  10. Walewicz K., Taradaj J., Rajfur K., Ptaszkowski K., Kuszewski M.T., Sopel M., Dymarek R.. The effectiveness of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy in patients with chronic low back pain: A prospective, randomized, single-blinded pilot study.. Clin. Interv. Aging. 2019;14:1859–1869.
    doi: 10.2147/CIA.S224001pmc: PMC6857735pubmed: 31806944google scholar: lookup
  11. Tabra S.A.A., Zaghloul M.I., Alashkar D.S.. Extracorporeal shock wave as adjuvant therapy for wrist and hand spasticity in post-stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial.. Egypt. Rheumatol. 2021;48:21.
    doi: 10.1186/s43166-021-00068-zgoogle scholar: lookup
  12. Auersperg V., Trieb K.. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy: An update.. EFORT Open Rev. 2020;5:584.
    doi: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190067pmc: PMC7608508pubmed: 33204500google scholar: lookup
  13. Zhang H., Li Z.L., Yang F., Zhang Q., Su X.Z., Li J., Zhu H.. Radial shockwave treatment promotes human mesenchymal stem cell self-renewal and enhances cartilage healing.. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2018;9:54.
    doi: 10.1186/s13287-018-0805-5pmc: PMC5845163pubmed: 29523197google scholar: lookup
  14. Ramesh S., Zaman F., Madhuri V., Sävendahl L.. Radial extracorporeal shock wave treatment promotes bone growth and chondrogenesis in cultured fetal rat metatarsal bones.. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2020;478:668.
    doi: 10.1097/CORR.0000000000001056pmc: PMC7145076pubmed: 31794485google scholar: lookup
  15. Mattyasovszky S.G., Langendorf E.K., Ritz U., Schmitz C., Schmidtmann I., Nowak T.E., Drees P.. Exposure to radial extracorporeal shock waves modulates viability and gene expression of human skeletal muscle cells: A controlled in vitro study.. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 2018;13:75.
    doi: 10.1186/s13018-018-0779-0pmc: PMC5889540pubmed: 29625618google scholar: lookup
  16. Benson B.M., Byron C.R., Pondenis H., Stewart A.A.. The effects of radial shock waves on the metabolism of equine cartilage explants in vitro.. N. Z. Vet. J. 2007;55:40–44.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.2007.36733pubmed: 17339915google scholar: lookup
  17. Marinelli L., Mori L., Solaro C., Uccelli A., Pelosin E., Currà A., Trompetto C.. Effect of radial shock wave therapy on pain and muscle hypertonia: A double-blind study in patients with multiple sclerosis.. Mult. Scler. J. 2015;21:622–629.
    doi: 10.1177/1352458514549566pubmed: 25257616google scholar: lookup
  18. Vidal X., Morral A., Costa L., Tur M.. Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) in the treatment of spasticity in cerebral palsy: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.. Neurorehabilitation. 2011;29:413–419.
    doi: 10.3233/NRE-2011-0720pubmed: 22207070google scholar: lookup
  19. Gonkova M.I., Ilieva E.M., Ferriero G., Chavdarov I.. Effect of radial shock wave therapy on muscle spasticity in children with cerebral palsy.. Int. J. Rehabil. Res. 2013;36:284–290.
    doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e328360e51dpubmed: 23603803google scholar: lookup
  20. Sohn M.K., Cho K.H., Kim Y.J., Hwang S.L.. Spasticity and electrophysiologic changes after extracorporeal shock wave therapy on gastrocnemius.. Ann. Rehabil. Med. 2011;35:599–604.
    doi: 10.5535/arm.2011.35.5.599pmc: PMC3309266pubmed: 22506181google scholar: lookup
  21. Wang C.J., Huang H.Y., Pai C.H.. Shock wave-enhanced neovascularization at the tendon-bone junction: An experiment in dogs.. J. Foot Ankle Surg. 2002;41:16–22.
    doi: 10.1016/S1067-2516(02)80005-9pubmed: 11858601google scholar: lookup
  22. Kang N., Zhang J., Yu X., Ma Y.. Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy improves cerebral blood flow and neurological function in a rat model of cerebral ischemia.. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2017;9:2000.
    pmc: PMC5411949pubmed: 28469806
  23. Contaldo C., Högger D.C., Borozadi M.K., Stotz M., Platz U., Forster N., Giovanoli P.. Radial pressure waves mediate apoptosis and functional angiogenesis during wound repair in ApoE deficient mice.. Micr. Res. 2012;84:24–33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.03.006pubmed: 22504489google scholar: lookup
  24. Silveira A., Koenig J.B., Arroyo L.G., Trout D., Moens N.M., LaMarre J., Brooks A.. Effects of unfocused extracorporeal shock wave therapy on healing of wounds of the distal portion of the forelimb in horses.. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2010;71:229–234.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.71.2.229pubmed: 20113232google scholar: lookup
  25. Yan X., Zeng B., Chai Y., Luo C., Li X.. Improvement of blood flow, expression of nitric oxide, and vascular endothelial growth factor by low-energy shockwave therapy in random-pattern skin flap model.. Ann. Plast. Surg. 2008;61:646–653.
    doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e318172ba1fpubmed: 19034081google scholar: lookup
  26. Boening K., Loeffeld S., Weitkamp K., Matuschek S.. Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy for chronic insertion desmopathy of the proximal suspensory ligament.. Proc. Am. Assoc. Equine Pract. 2000;46:203–207.
  27. Crowe O.M., Dyson S.J., Wright I.M., Schramme M.C., Smith R.K.W.. Treatment of chronic or recurrent proximal suspensory desmitis using radial pressure wave therapy in the horse.. Equine Vet. J. 2004;36:313–316.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044890562pubmed: 15163037google scholar: lookup
  28. Brown K.E., Nickels F.A., Caron J.P., Mullineaux D.R., Clayton H.M.. Investigation of the immediate analgesic effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for treatment of navicular disease in horses.. Vet. Surg. 2005;34:554–558.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2005.00087.xpubmed: 16343141google scholar: lookup
  29. Palmer S.E.. Treatment of dorsal metacarpal disease in the Thoroughbred racehorse with radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy.. Proc. Am. Assoc. Equine Pract. 2002;48:318–321.
  30. Da Costa Gómez T.M., Radtke C.L., Kalscheur V.L., Swain C.A., Scollay M.C., Edwards R.B., Muir P.. Effect of focused and radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy on equine bone microdamage.. Vet. Surg. 2004;33:49–55.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2004.040005.xpubmed: 14687186google scholar: lookup
  31. Soroko M., Davies-Morel M.C.G., Howell K.. The application of infrared thermography in equestrian sport.. In: Quesada J.I.P., editor. Application of Infrared Thermography in Sports Science. Springer; Cham, Switzerland: 2017. pp. 265–296.
  32. Tunley B.V., Henson F.M.D.. Reliability and repeatability of thermographic examination and the normal thermographic image of the thoracolumbar region in the horse.. Equine Vet. J. 2004;36:306–312.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044890652pubmed: 15163036google scholar: lookup
  33. Autio E., Neste R., Airaksinen S., Heiskanen M.L.. Measuring the Heat Loss in Horses in Different Seasons by Infrared Thermography.. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 2006;9:211–221.
    doi: 10.1207/s15327604jaws0903_3pubmed: 17112332google scholar: lookup
  34. Simon E.L., Gaughan E.M., Epp T., Spire M.. Influence of exercise on thermographically determined surface temperatures of thoracic and pelvic limbs in horses.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2006;229:1940–1944.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.229.12.1940pubmed: 17173534google scholar: lookup
  35. Rindler N., Biermann N.M., Westermann S., Buchner H.H.F.. The effect of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy on surface temperature of horses’ backs.. Wien. Tierärztl. Mon. 2014;101:137–141.
  36. Godlewska M., Soroko M., Zielińska P.. Assessment of vein diameter and body surface temperature after high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) on the tarsal joint in healthy horses.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2020;93:103198.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103198pubmed: 32972685google scholar: lookup
  37. Zielińska P., Soroko M., Howell K., Godlewska M., Hildebrand W., Dudek K.. Comparison of the effect of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) on skin surface temperature and vein diameter in pigmented and non-pigmented skin in healthy racehorses.. Animals. 2021;11:1965.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11071965pmc: PMC8300361pubmed: 34209183google scholar: lookup
  38. Lubkowska A., Radecka A., Parchimowicz M., Bryczkowska I., Chudecka M.. The effects of ultrasound and shockwave treatment on muscle regional oxygen saturation using near-infrared spectroscopy.. Pomeranian J. Life Sci. 2018;64:38–45.
    doi: 10.21164/pomjlifesci.443google scholar: lookup
  39. Verna M., Turner T.A., Anderson K.L.. Scintigraphic, radiographic, and thermographic appearance of the metacarpal and metatarsal regions of adult healthy horses treated with nonfocused extracorporeal shock wave therapy—A pilot study.. Vet. Ther. 2005;6:268–276.
    pubmed: 16299673
  40. Ringer S.K., Lischer C.J., Ueltschi G.. Assessment of scintigraphic and thermographic changes after focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy on the origin of the suspensory ligament and the fourth metatarsal bone in horses without lameness.. Am. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2005;66:1836–1842.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1836pubmed: 16273919google scholar: lookup
  41. Schauer A.L.. Effect of Age, Breed and Sex on Longissimus Dorsi Muscle Area Subcutaneous Fat Depth in Horses.. Honors Scholar Theses, University of Connecticut, Department of Animal Science, Storrs, CT, USA. 2015. [(accessed on 22 March 2023)]. Available online: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/srhonors_theses/444.
  42. Stashak T.S.. Examination for lameness.. In: Troy D., editor. Adam’s Lameness in Horses. Williams and Wilkins; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 2002. pp. 113–183.
  43. Martin B.B., Jr., Klide A.M.. Physical examination of horses with back pain.. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 1999;15:61–70.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30163-3pubmed: 10218241google scholar: lookup
  44. Soroko M., Zaborski D., Dudek K., Yarnell K., Górniak W., Vardasca R.. Evaluation of thermal pattern distributions in racehorse saddles using infrared thermography.. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0221622.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221622pmc: PMC6709906pubmed: 31449556google scholar: lookup
  45. Soroko M., Howell K.. Infrared thermography: Current applications in equine medicine.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2018;60:90–96.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.11.002google scholar: lookup
  46. Zielińska P., Soroko-Dubrovina M., Dudek K., Ruzhanova-Gospodinova I.S.. A preliminary study of the influence of high intensity laser therapy (HILT) on skin surface temperature and longissimus dorsi muscle tone changes in Thoroughbred racehorses with back pain.. Animals. 2023;13:794.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13050794pmc: PMC10000047pubmed: 36899651google scholar: lookup
  47. Howell K., Dudek K., Soroko M.. Thermal camera performance and image analysis repeatability in equine thermography.. Infrared Phys. Technol. 2020;110:103447.
    doi: 10.1016/j.infrared.2020.103447google scholar: lookup
  48. Soroko M., Howell K., Dudek K., Henklewski R., Zielińska P.. The influence of breed, age, gender, training level and ambient temperature on forelimb and back temperature in racehorses.. Anim. Sci. J. 2017;88:347–355.
    doi: 10.1111/asj.12631pubmed: 27345632google scholar: lookup
  49. Varcoe-Cocks K., Sagar K.N., Jeffcott L.B., McGowan C.M.. Pressure algometry to quantify muscle pain in racehorses with suspected sacroiliac dysfunction.. Equine Vet. J. 2006;38:558–562.
    doi: 10.2746/042516406X154804pubmed: 17124847google scholar: lookup
  50. Kisch T., Wuerfel W., Forstmeier V., Liodaki E., Stang F.H., Knobloch K., Kraemer R.. Repetitive shock wave therapy improves muscular microcirculation.. J. Surg. Res. 2016;201:440–445.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.11.049pubmed: 27020830google scholar: lookup
  51. Romeo P., Lavanga V., Pagani D., Sansone V.. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in musculoskeletal disorders: A review.. Med. Princ. Pract. 2014;23:7–13.
    doi: 10.1159/000355472pmc: PMC5586835pubmed: 24217134google scholar: lookup
  52. Love T.J.. Thermography as an indicator of blood perfusion.. Ann. N. Y. Acad. 1980;335:429–437.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1980.tb50766.xpubmed: 6931535google scholar: lookup
  53. Imboden I., Waldern N.M., Wiestner T., Lischer C.J., Ueltschi G., Weishaupt M.A.. Short term analgesic effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in horses with proximal palmar metacarpal/plantar metatarsal pain.. Vet. J. 2009;179:50–59.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.09.020pubmed: 18069025google scholar: lookup
  54. Park K.D., Lee W.Y., Park M.H., Ahn J.K., Park Y.. High-versus low-energy extracorporeal shock-wave therapy for myofascial pain syndrome of upper trapezius: A prospective randomized single blinded pilot study.. Medicine. 2018;97:e11432.
    doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000011432pmc: PMC6076058pubmed: 29995794google scholar: lookup
  55. Moon S.W., Kim J.H., Jung M.J., Son S., Lee J.H., Shin H., Oh M.K.. The effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on lower limb spasticity in subacute stroke patients.. Ann. Rehabil. Med. 2013;37:461–470.
    doi: 10.5535/arm.2013.37.4.461pmc: PMC3764340pubmed: 24020026google scholar: lookup
  56. Park S.K., Yang D.J., Uhm Y.H., Yoon J.H., Kim J.H.. Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on upper extremity muscle tone in chronic stroke patients.. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2018;30:361–364.
    doi: 10.1589/jpts.30.361pmc: PMC5857439pubmed: 29581652google scholar: lookup
  57. Santamato A., Beatrice R., Micello M.F., Fortunato F., Panza F., Bristogiannis C., Ranieri M.. Power doppler ultrasound findings before and after focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy for achilles tendinopathy: A pilot study on pain reduction and neovascularization effect.. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2019;45:1316–1323.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.009pubmed: 30739723google scholar: lookup
  58. Belcaro G., Cesarone M.R., Dugall M., Di Renzo A., Errichi B.M., Cacchio M., Acerbi G.. Effects of shock waves on microcirculation, perfusion, and pain management in critical limb ischemia.. Angiology. 2005;56:403–407.
    doi: 10.1177/000331970505600407pubmed: 16079923google scholar: lookup
  59. Ranner W., Gerhards H.. DiagnostikbeiVerdacht auf Rückenerkrankungenbeim. Pferd.. Pferdeheilkunde. 2001;17:225–232.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20010305google scholar: lookup
  60. Merrifield-Jones M., Tabor G., Williams J.. Inter-and intra-rater reliability of soft tissue palpation scoring in the equine thoracic epaxial region.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2019;83:102812.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102812pubmed: 31791525google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Rashad UM, Abousenna MH, Elsamman AK, Rehab NI. Effect of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy on Post-Laminectomy Lumbar Epidural Fibrosis. Ann Rehabil Med 2025 Apr;49(2):81-90.
    doi: 10.5535/arm.240118pubmed: 40312273google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,780 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.