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Home / Equine Research Bank / J Anim Sci / The effects of processing barley and maize on metabolic and ...
Journal of animal science2020; 98(12); skaa353; doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa353

The effects of processing barley and maize on metabolic and digestive responses in horses.

Abstract: The competition for customers increases the search for new grain processing methods for equine feed, but the effect on starch digestibility and metabolic responses varies. Therefore, to evaluate the effect of the processing methods, toasting and micronizing, on starch digestion and the effect on metabolic responses, the mobile bag technique (MBT) and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in the blood were used to estimate nutrient disappearance and metabolic responses pre-cecally. Further, cecal pH, ammonium nitrogen (N), and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were used to estimate the metabolic response in the cecum. Four cecally cannulated horses (body weight [BW] 565 ± 35 kg) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four periods of 8 d of diet adaptation and 2 d of data collection. Diets were formulated using hay and processed grains: micronized barley (MB), toasted barley (TB), micronized maize (MM), and toasted maize (TM) and were balanced to provide 1 g starch/kg BW in the morning meal. On day 9 in each period, blood and cecal fluid samples were taken before the morning meal and hourly thereafter for 8 h. On day 10 in each period, 15 bags of either MB, TB, MM, or TM (1 × 1 × 12 cm; 15 μm pore size; 1 g feed) were placed in the stomach, respectively. The dry matter disappearance was highest for the MM at all time points compared with the other feedstuffs (P < 0.001). Maize and micronizing had the highest starch disappearance (P = 0.048) compared with barley and toasting. No treatment effect was measured for any of the glucose and insulin parameters. No feed effect was measured for the insulin parameters. Plasma glucose peaked later (P = 0.045) for maize than for barley, and TB had a larger area under the curve for glucose than MB, MM, and TM (P = 0.015). The concentration of total SCFA increased after feeding (P < 0.001), with a higher concentration for barley than for maize (P = 0.044). No treatment or feed effects were measured for ammonium N or pH, but both were affected by time (P < 0.001). In conclusion, toasting was not as efficient as micronizing to improve pre-cecal starch digestibility; therefore, the preferred processing method for both barley and maize is micronizing. Further, the amount of starch escaping enzymatical digestion in the small intestine was higher than expected.
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Publication Date: 2020-11-06 PubMed ID: 33150365PubMed Central: PMC7751134DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa353Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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This study investigated the impact of two grain processing methods, toasting and micronizing, on starch digestion and metabolic responses in horses. It concluded that the micronizing process is more efficient than toasting in improving both pre-cecal starch digestibility and metabolic responses.

Research Methodology

  • Four cecally cannulated horses were used in the study, which was designed using a 4×4 Latin square model consisting of four, eight-day periods of diet adaptation and two days of data collection.
  • The diets contained hay and processed grains like micronized barley (MB), toasted barley (TB), micronized maize (MM), and toasted maize (TM). These diets were balanced to provide 1 gram of starch per kilogram of body weight in the morning meal.
  • On the ninth day of each period, blood and fluid samples from the cecum, a pouch at the beginning of the large intestine, were collected hourly for eight hours after the morning meal.
  • On the tenth day, packets of each type of grain (MB, TB, MM, and TM) were placed in the stomach of each horse and the dry matter disappearance was measured to estimate the digestion rate.

Findings and Conclusions

  • The study found the dry matter disappearance rate was the highest in micronized maize compared to other grain varieties, indicating it was the most readily digestible.
  • Starch disappearance was highest in maize and micronized grains, compared to barley and toasted grains, suggesting these grains provided the highest levels of available starch.
  • However, no observable effect was detected on glucose and insulin parameters after feeding, indicating that the processing method of the grains didn’t have a significant impact on these metabolic measures.
  • There were also notable changes in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, typically used to measure fermentation and metabolic function in horses, with higher concentrations found in barley than maize.
  • Neither the processing methods nor the type of grain showed any effect on ammonium nitrogen or pH, instead, both of these factors were significantly affected by time.
  • In summary, the study concluded that micronizing was a more effective processing method than toasting to improve pre-cecal starch digestibility in horses.
  • The study also suggested that the amount of starch escaping small intestine enzymatic digestion after feeding was higher than anticipated, an aspect that warrants further investigation.

Cite This Article

APA
Thorringer NW, Weisberg MR, Jensen RB. (2020). The effects of processing barley and maize on metabolic and digestive responses in horses. J Anim Sci, 98(12), skaa353. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa353

Publication

Journal of animal science
ISSN: 1525-3163
NlmUniqueID: 8003002
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 98
Issue: 12
PII: skaa353

Researcher Affiliations

Thorringer, Nana W
  • Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
Weisberg, Martin R
  • Department of Animal Science, AU-Foulum, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark.
Jensen, Rasmus B
  • Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.

MeSH Terms

  • Animal Feed / analysis
  • Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
  • Animals
  • Diet / veterinary
  • Digestion
  • Hordeum
  • Horses
  • Rumen
  • Starch
  • Zea mays

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Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Stang FL, Bjerregaard R, Müller CE, Ergon Å, Halling M, Thorringer NW, Kidane A, Jensen RB. The effect of harvest time of forage on carbohydrate digestion in horses quantified by in vitro and mobile bag techniques.. J Anim Sci 2023 Jan 3;101.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skac422pubmed: 36576899google scholar: lookup
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