FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Virol / The equine herpesvirus 2 E1 open reading frame encodes a fun...
Journal of virology1999; 73(12); 9843-9848; doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.12.9843-9848.1999

The equine herpesvirus 2 E1 open reading frame encodes a functional chemokine receptor.

Abstract: Several herpesviruses contain open reading frames (ORFs) that encode potential homologs of eucaryotic genes. Equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) is a gammaherpesvirus related to other lymphotropic herpesviruses such as herpesvirus saimiri and Epstein-Barr virus. The E1 ORF of EHV-2, a G protein-coupled receptor homolog, shows 31 to 47% amino acid identity with known CC chemokine receptors. To investigate whether E1 may encode a functional receptor, we cloned the E1 ORF and expressed it in stably transfected cell lines. We report here the identification of the CC chemokine eotaxin as a functional ligand for the EHV-2 E1 receptor. Chemokines are likely to play a role in the regulation of immune functions in equine hosts during EHV-2 infection and, via interaction with E1, may affect viral replication and/or escape from immune responses.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 1999-11-13 PubMed ID: 10559296PubMed Central: PMC113033DOI: 10.1128/JVI.73.12.9843-9848.1999Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study explains how the E1 open reading frame (ORF) of Equine Herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) codes for a functional chemokine receptor, playing a role in immune regulation during the viral infection.

About the Study

  • This research investigates EHV-2, a type of gammaherpesvirus closely related to lymphotropic viruses such as Herpesvirus saimiri and Epstein-Barr virus. These viruses affect the lymphatic system which is a crucial part of the immune system.
  • The research team focused on the E1 ORF of EHV-2, which shows a significant degree of amino acid identity with known CC chemokine receptors. In genetics, an open reading frame is a portion of the gene’s sequence that could potentially be translated into a protein.

The E1 ORF’s Role

  • The study sought to determine if the E1 ORF of EHV-2 codes for a functional receptor. To do so, the team cloned the E1 ORF and expressed it in stably transfected cell lines.
  • The study found that the E1 ORF does indeed code for a functional chemokine receptor, with the CC chemokine eotaxin discovered as a functional ligand for the EHV-2 E1 receptor. A ligand refers to a molecule that binds to another specific molecule, in this case, the E1 receptor.

Implications of the Findings

  • The research suggests that chemokines, including eotaxin, are likely playing a role in regulating immune functions in equine hosts that have an EHV-2 infection.
  • This indicates that the interaction between chemokines and the E1 receptor may influence viral replication and the host’s ability to evade immune responses, vital information for the development of possible future treatments or interventions for EHV-2.

Cite This Article

APA
Camarda G, Spinetti G, Bernardini G, Mair C, Davis-Poynter N, Capogrossi MC, Napolitano M. (1999). The equine herpesvirus 2 E1 open reading frame encodes a functional chemokine receptor. J Virol, 73(12), 9843-9848. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.73.12.9843-9848.1999

Publication

Journal of virology
ISSN: 0022-538X
NlmUniqueID: 0113724
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 73
Issue: 12
Pages: 9843-9848

Researcher Affiliations

Camarda, G
  • Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.
Spinetti, G
    Bernardini, G
      Mair, C
        Davis-Poynter, N
          Capogrossi, M C
            Napolitano, M

              MeSH Terms

              • Amino Acid Sequence
              • Animals
              • Cell Line
              • Cloning, Molecular
              • Gammaherpesvirinae / genetics
              • Gene Expression
              • Genes, Viral
              • Horses
              • Humans
              • Molecular Sequence Data
              • Open Reading Frames
              • Receptors, Chemokine / genetics
              • Receptors, Chemokine / metabolism
              • Receptors, Chemokine / physiology
              • Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
              • Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
              • Transfection
              • Viral Proteins / genetics
              • Viral Proteins / metabolism
              • Viral Proteins / physiology

              References

              This article includes 60 references
              1. Agius CT, Studdert MJ. Equine herpesviruses 2 and 5: comparisons with other members of the subfamily gammaherpesvirinae.. Adv Virus Res 1994;44:357-79.
                pubmed: 7817877doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60333-4google scholar: lookup
              2. Ahuja SK, Gao JL, Murphy PM. Chemokine receptors and molecular mimicry.. Immunol Today 1994 Jun;15(6):281-7.
                pubmed: 8068175doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90008-6google scholar: lookup
              3. Ahuja SK, Murphy PM. Molecular piracy of mammalian interleukin-8 receptor type B by herpesvirus saimiri.. J Biol Chem 1993 Oct 5;268(28):20691-4.
                pubmed: 8407886
              4. Albrecht JC, Nicholas J, Biller D, Cameron KR, Biesinger B, Newman C, Wittmann S, Craxton MA, Coleman H, Fleckenstein B. Primary structure of the herpesvirus saimiri genome.. J Virol 1992 Aug;66(8):5047-58.
                pmc: PMC241364pubmed: 1321287doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.8.5047-5058.1992google scholar: lookup
              5. Alcamí A, Symons JA, Collins PD, Williams TJ, Smith GL. Blockade of chemokine activity by a soluble chemokine binding protein from vaccinia virus.. J Immunol 1998 Jan 15;160(2):624-33.
                pubmed: 9551896
              6. Arvanitakis L, Geras-Raaka E, Varma A, Gershengorn MC, Cesarman E. Human herpesvirus KSHV encodes a constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor linked to cell proliferation.. Nature 1997 Jan 23;385(6614):347-50.
                pubmed: 9002520doi: 10.1038/385347a0google scholar: lookup
              7. Baggiolini M, Dewald B, Moser B. Human chemokines: an update.. Annu Rev Immunol 1997;15:675-705.
                pubmed: 9143704doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.675google scholar: lookup
              8. Bais C, Santomasso B, Coso O, Arvanitakis L, Raaka EG, Gutkind JS, Asch AS, Cesarman E, Gershengorn MC, Mesri EA. G-protein-coupled receptor of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is a viral oncogene and angiogenesis activator.. Nature 1998 Jan 1;391(6662):86-9.
                pubmed: 9422510doi: 10.1038/34193google scholar: lookup
              9. Beisser PS, Vink C, Van Dam JG, Grauls G, Vanherle SJ, Bruggeman CA. The R33 G protein-coupled receptor gene of rat cytomegalovirus plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of viral infection.. J Virol 1998 Mar;72(3):2352-63.
                pmc: PMC109535pubmed: 9499096doi: 10.1128/jvi.72.3.2352-2363.1998google scholar: lookup
              10. Ben-Baruch A, Xu L, Young PR, Bengali K, Oppenheim JJ, Wang JM. Monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP3) interacts with multiple leukocyte receptors. C-C CKR1, a receptor for macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha/Rantes, is also a functional receptor for MCP3.. J Biol Chem 1995 Sep 22;270(38):22123-8.
                pubmed: 7545673doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.38.22123google scholar: lookup
              11. Bernardini G, Hedrick J, Sozzani S, Luini W, Spinetti G, Weiss M, Menon S, Zlotnik A, Mantovani A, Santoni A, Napolitano M. Identification of the CC chemokines TARC and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta as novel functional ligands for the CCR8 receptor.. Eur J Immunol 1998 Feb;28(2):582-8.
                pubmed: 9521068doi: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199802)28:02<582::aid-immu582>3.0.co;2-agoogle scholar: lookup
              12. Bodaghi B, Jones TR, Zipeto D, Vita C, Sun L, Laurent L, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Virelizier JL, Michelson S. Chemokine sequestration by viral chemoreceptors as a novel viral escape strategy: withdrawal of chemokines from the environment of cytomegalovirus-infected cells.. J Exp Med 1998 Sep 7;188(5):855-66.
                pmc: PMC2213390pubmed: 9730887doi: 10.1084/jem.188.5.855google scholar: lookup
              13. Boring L, Gosling J, Cleary M, Charo IF. Decreased lesion formation in CCR2-/- mice reveals a role for chemokines in the initiation of atherosclerosis.. Nature 1998 Aug 27;394(6696):894-7.
                pubmed: 9732872doi: 10.1038/29788google scholar: lookup
              14. COllinson PN, O'Rielly JL, Ficorilli N, Studdert MJ. Isolation of equine herpesvirus type 2 (equine gammaherpesvirus 2) from foals with keratoconjunctivitis.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994 Jul 15;205(2):329-31.
                pubmed: 7928614
              15. Cook DN, Beck MA, Coffman TM, Kirby SL, Sheridan JF, Pragnell IB, Smithies O. Requirement of MIP-1 alpha for an inflammatory response to viral infection.. Science 1995 Sep 15;269(5230):1583-5.
                pubmed: 7667639doi: 10.1126/science.7667639google scholar: lookup
              16. Davis-Poynter NJ, Farrell HE. Masters of deception: a review of herpesvirus immune evasion strategies.. Immunol Cell Biol 1996 Dec;74(6):513-22.
                pubmed: 8989589doi: 10.1038/icb.1996.84google scholar: lookup
              17. Davis-Poynter NJ, Lynch DM, Vally H, Shellam GR, Rawlinson WD, Barrell BG, Farrell HE. Identification and characterization of a G protein-coupled receptor homolog encoded by murine cytomegalovirus.. J Virol 1997 Feb;71(2):1521-9.
                pmc: PMC191209pubmed: 8995678doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.2.1521-1529.1997google scholar: lookup
              18. Ensser A, Pflanz R, Fleckenstein B. Primary structure of the alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 genome.. J Virol 1997 Sep;71(9):6517-25.
                pmc: PMC191927pubmed: 9261371doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.9.6517-6525.1997google scholar: lookup
              19. Forssmann U, Uguccioni M, Loetscher P, Dahinden CA, Langen H, Thelen M, Baggiolini M. Eotaxin-2, a novel CC chemokine that is selective for the chemokine receptor CCR3, and acts like eotaxin on human eosinophil and basophil leukocytes.. J Exp Med 1997 Jun 16;185(12):2171-6.
                pmc: PMC2196360pubmed: 9182688doi: 10.1084/jem.185.12.2171google scholar: lookup
              20. Gao JL, Murphy PM. Human cytomegalovirus open reading frame US28 encodes a functional beta chemokine receptor.. J Biol Chem 1994 Nov 18;269(46):28539-42.
                pubmed: 7961796
              21. Geras-Raaka E, Arvanitakis L, Bais C, Cesarman E, Mesri EA, Gershengorn MC. Inhibition of constitutive signaling of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor by protein kinases in mammalian cells in culture.. J Exp Med 1998 Mar 2;187(5):801-6.
                pmc: PMC2212177pubmed: 9480990doi: 10.1084/jem.187.5.801google scholar: lookup
              22. Gooding LR. Virus proteins that counteract host immune defenses.. Cell 1992 Oct 2;71(1):5-7.
                pubmed: 1394431doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90259-fgoogle scholar: lookup
              23. Graham GJ, Wright EG, Hewick R, Wolpe SD, Wilkie NM, Donaldson D, Lorimore S, Pragnell IB. Identification and characterization of an inhibitor of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation.. Nature 1990 Mar 29;344(6265):442-4.
                pubmed: 2320111doi: 10.1038/344442a0google scholar: lookup
              24. Graham KA, Lalani AS, Macen JL, Ness TL, Barry M, Liu LY, Lucas A, Clark-Lewis I, Moyer RW, McFadden G. The T1/35kDa family of poxvirus-secreted proteins bind chemokines and modulate leukocyte influx into virus-infected tissues.. Virology 1997 Mar 3;229(1):12-24.
                pubmed: 9123853doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.8423google scholar: lookup
              25. Gu L, Okada Y, Clinton SK, Gerard C, Sukhova GK, Libby P, Rollins BJ. Absence of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 reduces atherosclerosis in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice.. Mol Cell 1998 Aug;2(2):275-81.
                pubmed: 9734366doi: 10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80139-2google scholar: lookup
              26. Heath H, Qin S, Rao P, Wu L, LaRosa G, Kassam N, Ponath PD, Mackay CR. Chemokine receptor usage by human eosinophils. The importance of CCR3 demonstrated using an antagonistic monoclonal antibody.. J Clin Invest 1997 Jan 15;99(2):178-84.
                pmc: PMC507784pubmed: 9005985doi: 10.1172/jci119145google scholar: lookup
              27. Howard OM, Ben-Baruch A, Oppenheim JJ. Chemokines: progress toward identifying molecular targets for therapeutic agents.. Trends Biotechnol 1996 Feb;14(2):46-51.
                pubmed: 8746116doi: 10.1016/0167-7799(96)80920-6google scholar: lookup
              28. Hsu DH, de Waal Malefyt R, Fiorentino DF, Dang MN, Vieira P, de Vries J, Spits H, Mosmann TR, Moore KW. Expression of interleukin-10 activity by Epstein-Barr virus protein BCRF1.. Science 1990 Nov 9;250(4982):830-2.
                pubmed: 2173142doi: 10.1126/science.2173142google scholar: lookup
              29. Isegawa Y, Ping Z, Nakano K, Sugimoto N, Yamanishi K. Human herpesvirus 6 open reading frame U12 encodes a functional beta-chemokine receptor.. J Virol 1998 Jul;72(7):6104-12.
                pmc: PMC110416pubmed: 9621074doi: 10.1128/jvi.72.7.6104-6112.1998google scholar: lookup
              30. Jensen-Waern M, Persson SG, Nordengrahn A, Mérza M, Fossum C. Temporary suppression of cell-mediated immunity in standardbred horses with decreased athletic capacity.. Acta Vet Scand 1998;39(1):25-33.
                pmc: PMC8050687pubmed: 9592943doi: 10.1186/bf03547804google scholar: lookup
              31. Jose PJ, Griffiths-Johnson DA, Collins PD, Walsh DT, Moqbel R, Totty NF, Truong O, Hsuan JJ, Williams TJ. Eotaxin: a potent eosinophil chemoattractant cytokine detected in a guinea pig model of allergic airways inflammation.. J Exp Med 1994 Mar 1;179(3):881-7.
                pmc: PMC2191401pubmed: 7509365doi: 10.1084/jem.179.3.881google scholar: lookup
              32. Krathwohl MD, Hromas R, Brown DR, Broxmeyer HE, Fife KH. Functional characterization of the C---C chemokine-like molecules encoded by molluscum contagiosum virus types 1 and 2.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997 Sep 2;94(18):9875-80.
                pmc: PMC23285pubmed: 9275219doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.18.9875google scholar: lookup
              33. Lalani AS, Graham K, Mossman K, Rajarathnam K, Clark-Lewis I, Kelvin D, McFadden G. The purified myxoma virus gamma interferon receptor homolog M-T7 interacts with the heparin-binding domains of chemokines.. J Virol 1997 Jun;71(6):4356-63.
                pmc: PMC191652pubmed: 9151824doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.6.4356-4363.1997google scholar: lookup
              34. Luster AD. Chemokines--chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation.. N Engl J Med 1998 Feb 12;338(7):436-45.
                pubmed: 9459648doi: 10.1056/nejm199802123380706google scholar: lookup
              35. Margulies BJ, Browne H, Gibson W. Identification of the human cytomegalovirus G protein-coupled receptor homologue encoded by UL33 in infected cells and enveloped virus particles.. Virology 1996 Nov 1;225(1):111-25.
                pmc: PMC6953178pubmed: 8918538doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.0579google scholar: lookup
              36. Marra MA, Hillier L, Waterston RH. Expressed sequence tags--ESTablishing bridges between genomes.. Trends Genet 1998 Jan;14(1):4-7.
                pubmed: 9448457doi: 10.1016/s0168-9525(97)01355-3google scholar: lookup
              37. Mocarski ES. Cytomegaloviruses and their replication. Fields virology 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven; 1996. pp. 2447–2487.
              38. Murphy PM. Pirated genes in Kaposi's sarcoma.. Nature 1997 Jan 23;385(6614):296-7, 299.
                pubmed: 9002510doi: 10.1038/385296a0google scholar: lookup
              39. Murray MJ, Eichorn ES, Dubovi EJ, Ley WB, Cavey DM. Equine herpesvirus type 2: prevalence and seroepidemiology in foals.. Equine Vet J 1996 Nov;28(6):432-6.
                pubmed: 9049491doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb01614.xgoogle scholar: lookup
              40. Nava VE, Cheng EH, Veliuona M, Zou S, Clem RJ, Mayer ML, Hardwick JM. Herpesvirus saimiri encodes a functional homolog of the human bcl-2 oncogene.. J Virol 1997 May;71(5):4118-22.
                pmc: PMC191568pubmed: 9094693doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.5.4118-4122.1997google scholar: lookup
              41. Neote K, DiGregorio D, Mak JY, Horuk R, Schall TJ. Molecular cloning, functional expression, and signaling characteristics of a C-C chemokine receptor.. Cell 1993 Feb 12;72(3):415-25.
                pubmed: 7679328doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90118-agoogle scholar: lookup
              42. Ponath PD, Qin S, Post TW, Wang J, Wu L, Gerard NP, Newman W, Gerard C, Mackay CR. Molecular cloning and characterization of a human eotaxin receptor expressed selectively on eosinophils.. J Exp Med 1996 Jun 1;183(6):2437-48.
                pmc: PMC2192612pubmed: 8676064doi: 10.1084/jem.183.6.2437google scholar: lookup
              43. Ponath PD, Qin S, Ringler DJ, Clark-Lewis I, Wang J, Kassam N, Smith H, Shi X, Gonzalo JA, Newman W, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Mackay CR. Cloning of the human eosinophil chemoattractant, eotaxin. Expression, receptor binding, and functional properties suggest a mechanism for the selective recruitment of eosinophils.. J Clin Invest 1996 Feb 1;97(3):604-12.
                pmc: PMC507095pubmed: 8609214doi: 10.1172/jci118456google scholar: lookup
              44. Purewal AS, Smallwood AV, Kaushal A, Adegboye D, Edington N. Identification and control of the cis-acting elements of the immediate early gene of equid herpesvirus type 1.. J Gen Virol 1992 Mar;73 ( Pt 3):513-9.
                pubmed: 1545217doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-3-513google scholar: lookup
              45. Quackenbush EJ, Wershil BK, Aguirre V, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. Eotaxin modulates myelopoiesis and mast cell development from embryonic hematopoietic progenitors.. Blood 1998 Sep 15;92(6):1887-97.
                pubmed: 9731045
              46. Richmond A, Mueller S, White JR, Schraw W. C-X-C chemokine receptor desensitization mediated through ligand-enhanced receptor phosphorylation on serine residues.. Methods Enzymol 1997;288:3-15.
                pubmed: 9356983doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)88003-2google scholar: lookup
              47. Rizvi SM, Slater JD, Wolfinger U, Borchers K, Field HJ, Slade AJ. Detection and distribution of equine herpesvirus 2 DNA in the central and peripheral nervous systems of ponies.. J Gen Virol 1997 May;78 ( Pt 5):1115-8.
                pubmed: 9152431doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-78-5-1115google scholar: lookup
              48. Rothenberg ME, MacLean JA, Pearlman E, Luster AD, Leder P. Targeted disruption of the chemokine eotaxin partially reduces antigen-induced tissue eosinophilia.. J Exp Med 1997 Feb 17;185(4):785-90.
                pmc: PMC2196140pubmed: 9034156doi: 10.1084/jem.185.4.785google scholar: lookup
              49. Russo JJ, Bohenzky RA, Chien MC, Chen J, Yan M, Maddalena D, Parry JP, Peruzzi D, Edelman IS, Chang Y, Moore PS. Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8).. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996 Dec 10;93(25):14862-7.
                pmc: PMC26227pubmed: 8962146doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.25.14862google scholar: lookup
              50. Sallusto F, Mackay CR, Lanzavecchia A. Selective expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 by human T helper 2 cells.. Science 1997 Sep 26;277(5334):2005-7.
                pubmed: 9302298doi: 10.1126/science.277.5334.2005google scholar: lookup
              51. Tachibana K, Hirota S, Iizasa H, Yoshida H, Kawabata K, Kataoka Y, Kitamura Y, Matsushima K, Yoshida N, Nishikawa S, Kishimoto T, Nagasawa T. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract.. Nature 1998 Jun 11;393(6685):591-4.
                pubmed: 9634237doi: 10.1038/31261google scholar: lookup
              52. Telford EA, Studdert MJ, Agius CT, Watson MS, Aird HC, Davison AJ. Equine herpesviruses 2 and 5 are gamma-herpesviruses.. Virology 1993 Aug;195(2):492-9.
                pubmed: 8337826doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1400google scholar: lookup
              53. Telford EA, Watson MS, Aird HC, Perry J, Davison AJ. The DNA sequence of equine herpesvirus 2.. J Mol Biol 1995 Jun 9;249(3):520-8.
                pubmed: 7783207doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1995.0314google scholar: lookup
              54. Thome M, Martinon F, Hofmann K, Rubio V, Steiner V, Schneider P, Mattmann C, Tschopp J. Equine herpesvirus-2 E10 gene product, but not its cellular homologue, activates NF-kappaB transcription factor and c-Jun N-terminal kinase.. J Biol Chem 1999 Apr 9;274(15):9962-8.
                pubmed: 10187771doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.15.9962google scholar: lookup
              55. Thome M, Schneider P, Hofmann K, Fickenscher H, Meinl E, Neipel F, Mattmann C, Burns K, Bodmer JL, Schröter M, Scaffidi C, Krammer PH, Peter ME, Tschopp J. Viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins (FLIPs) prevent apoptosis induced by death receptors.. Nature 1997 Apr 3;386(6624):517-21.
                pubmed: 9087414doi: 10.1038/386517a0google scholar: lookup
              56. Uguccioni M, Mackay CR, Ochensberger B, Loetscher P, Rhis S, LaRosa GJ, Rao P, Ponath PD, Baggiolini M, Dahinden CA. High expression of the chemokine receptor CCR3 in human blood basophils. Role in activation by eotaxin, MCP-4, and other chemokines.. J Clin Invest 1997 Sep 1;100(5):1137-43.
                pmc: PMC508288pubmed: 9276730doi: 10.1172/jci119624google scholar: lookup
              57. Virgin HW 4th, Latreille P, Wamsley P, Hallsworth K, Weck KE, Dal Canto AJ, Speck SH. Complete sequence and genomic analysis of murine gammaherpesvirus 68.. J Virol 1997 Aug;71(8):5894-904.
                pmc: PMC191845pubmed: 9223479doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.8.5894-5904.1997google scholar: lookup
              58. Ward SG, Bacon K, Westwick J. Chemokines and T lymphocytes: more than an attraction.. Immunity 1998 Jul;9(1):1-11.
                pubmed: 9697831doi: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80583-xgoogle scholar: lookup
              59. Welch HM, Bridges CG, Lyon AM, Griffiths L, Edington N. Latent equid herpesviruses 1 and 4: detection and distinction using the polymerase chain reaction and co-cultivation from lymphoid tissues.. J Gen Virol 1992 Feb;73 ( Pt 2):261-8.
                pubmed: 1347078doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-73-2-261google scholar: lookup
              60. Zou YR, Kottmann AH, Kuroda M, Taniuchi I, Littman DR. Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development.. Nature 1998 Jun 11;393(6685):595-9.
                pubmed: 9634238doi: 10.1038/31269google scholar: lookup

              Citations

              This article has been cited 10 times.
              1. Marenzoni ML, Stefanetti V, Danzetta ML, Timoney PJ. Gammaherpesvirus infections in equids: a review.. Vet Med (Auckl) 2015;6:91-101.
                doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S39473pubmed: 30155436google scholar: lookup
              2. Bachelerie F, Ben-Baruch A, Burkhardt AM, Combadiere C, Farber JM, Graham GJ, Horuk R, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Locati M, Luster AD, Mantovani A, Matsushima K, Murphy PM, Nibbs R, Nomiyama H, Power CA, Proudfoot AE, Rosenkilde MM, Rot A, Sozzani S, Thelen M, Yoshie O, Zlotnik A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors.. Pharmacol Rev 2014;66(1):1-79.
                doi: 10.1124/pr.113.007724pubmed: 24218476google scholar: lookup
              3. Daiyasu H, Nemoto W, Toh H. Evolutionary Analysis of Functional Divergence among Chemokine Receptors, Decoy Receptors, and Viral Receptors.. Front Microbiol 2012;3:264.
                doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00264pubmed: 22855685google scholar: lookup
              4. Rosenkilde MM, Smit MJ, Waldhoer M. Structure, function and physiological consequences of virally encoded chemokine seven transmembrane receptors.. Br J Pharmacol 2008 Mar;153 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S154-66.
                doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707660pubmed: 18204488google scholar: lookup
              5. Ehlin-Henriksson B, Mowafi F, Klein G, Nilsson A. Epstein-Barr virus infection negatively impacts the CXCR4-dependent migration of tonsillar B cells.. Immunology 2006 Mar;117(3):379-85.
                doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02311.xpubmed: 16476057google scholar: lookup
              6. Sahagun-Ruiz A, Sierra-Honigmann AM, Krause P, Murphy PM. Simian cytomegalovirus encodes five rapidly evolving chemokine receptor homologues.. Virus Genes 2004 Jan;28(1):71-83.
                doi: 10.1023/B:VIRU.0000012265.33168.b5pubmed: 14739653google scholar: lookup
              7. Nicholas J. Evolutionary aspects of oncogenic herpesviruses.. Mol Pathol 2000 Oct;53(5):222-37.
                doi: 10.1136/mp.53.5.222pubmed: 11091846google scholar: lookup
              8. Alcami A, Koszinowski UH. Viral mechanisms of immune evasion.. Trends Microbiol 2000 Sep;8(9):410-8.
                doi: 10.1016/s0966-842x(00)01830-8pubmed: 10989308google scholar: lookup
              9. Alcami A, Koszinowski UH. Viral mechanisms of immune evasion.. Mol Med Today 2000 Sep;6(9):365-72.
                doi: 10.1016/s1357-4310(00)01775-5pubmed: 10954870google scholar: lookup
              10. Alcami A, Koszinowski UH. Viral mechanisms of immune evasion.. Immunol Today 2000 Sep;21(9):447-55.
                doi: 10.1016/s0167-5699(00)01699-6pubmed: 10953097google scholar: lookup
              Subscribe to our newsletter
              Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.