FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Influenza Other Respir Viruses / The evaluation of a nucleoprotein ELISA for the detection of...
Influenza and other respiratory viruses2013; 7 Suppl 4(Suppl 4); 73-80; doi: 10.1111/irv.12195

The evaluation of a nucleoprotein ELISA for the detection of equine influenza antibodies and the differentiation of infected from vaccinated horses (DIVA).

Abstract: Antibodies against equine influenza virus (EIV) are traditionally quantified by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) or single radial haemolysis (SRH). Objective: To evaluate an ELISA for the detection of antibodies against influenza nucleoprotein in the diagnosis and surveillance of equine influenza (EI). Methods: The ELISA was compared with the SRH and HI tests. Serial serum samples from 203 naturally and 14 experimentally infected horses, from 60 weanlings following primary vaccination with five different vaccines (two whole inactivated vaccines, two ISCOM-based subunit vaccines and a recombinant canarypox virus vaccine) and from 44 adult horses following annual booster vaccination with six different vaccines were analysed. Results: Fewer seroconversions were detected in clinical samples by ELISA than by SRH or HI but ELISA was more sensitive than SRH in naïve foals post-experimental infection. The ELISA did not detect the antibody response to vaccination with the recombinant canarypox virus vaccine confirming the usefulness of the combination of this kit and vaccine to differentiate between naturally infected and vaccinated horses, that is, DIVA. No DIVA capacity was evident with the other vaccines. Conclusions: The results suggest that this ELISA is a useful supplementary test for the diagnosis of EI although less sensitive than HI or SRH. It is an appropriate test for EI surveillance in a naïve population and may be combined with the recombinant canarypox virus vaccine but not with other commercially available subunit vaccines, in a DIVA strategy.
© 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2013-11-28 PubMed ID: 24224822PubMed Central: PMC5655885DOI: 10.1111/irv.12195Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article focuses on the evaluation of a diagnostic test, called ELISA, for the detection of antibodies against equine influenza virus (EIV). The study also evaluates the tool’s capacity for differentiating between horses that are infected with EIV and those vaccinated against it.

Objective and Methodology

  • The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of an ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) in detecting antibodies against the influenza nucleoprotein for diagnosing equine influenza (EI).
  • The researchers of the study compared ELISA with haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and single radial haemolysis (SRH) tests, which are traditional methods for quantitative analysis of antibodies against EIV.
  • The research used serial serum samples from horses in different categories: naturally infected, experimentally infected, weanlings post-vaccination, and adult horses post-annual booster vaccination. Different types of vaccines were used in the study for comparison.

Findings

  • The findings of the research indicate that the ELISA test detected fewer seroconversions in clinical samples compared to the SRH and HI methods. This means that although ELISA can detect antibodies in cases of equine influenza, it is less sensitive than the traditional tests.
  • However, ELISA was found to be more sensitive than SRH in naïve foals post-experimental infection indicating that it may be a more efficient testing method in certain cases.
  • The researchers also found that ELISA did not detect an antibody response to a type of vaccine (recombinant canarypox virus vaccine), which indicates its potential for use in a DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) strategy. That means using this combination of testing (ELISA) and vaccine, it is possible to differentiate between horses that are naturally infected and vaccinated ones. However, no such DIVA capacity was noted with other vaccines.

Conclusion

  • The overall conclusion of the research is that ELISA can be a supplementary test for EI diagnosis, although it’s less sensitive than the traditional methods. The study highlights ELISA’s appropriateness for use in EI surveillance issues, especially in a naïve population.
  • The research also points out that ELISA can be combined with certain vaccines and not with others, specifically the recombinant canarypox virus vaccine, for use in a DIVA strategy.

Cite This Article

APA
Galvin P, Gildea S, Arkins S, Walsh C, Cullinane A. (2013). The evaluation of a nucleoprotein ELISA for the detection of equine influenza antibodies and the differentiation of infected from vaccinated horses (DIVA). Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 7 Suppl 4(Suppl 4), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12195

Publication

Influenza and other respiratory viruses
ISSN: 1750-2659
NlmUniqueID: 101304007
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 7 Suppl 4
Issue: Suppl 4
Pages: 73-80

Researcher Affiliations

Galvin, Pamela
  • The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
Gildea, Sarah
    Arkins, Sean
      Walsh, Cathal
        Cullinane, Ann

          MeSH Terms

          • Animals
          • Antibodies, Viral / blood
          • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / methods
          • Horse Diseases / immunology
          • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
          • Horse Diseases / virology
          • Horses
          • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / genetics
          • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / immunology
          • Influenza Vaccines / administration & dosage
          • Influenza Vaccines / genetics
          • Influenza Vaccines / immunology
          • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
          • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
          • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
          • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
          • Vaccination
          • Viral Core Proteins / administration & dosage
          • Viral Core Proteins / genetics
          • Viral Core Proteins / immunology

          References

          This article includes 26 references
          1. OIE. Manual of standards for diagnostics tests and vaccines, Equine Influenza. Chapter 2.5.7, 1–14.
          2. Mumford J. Collaborative study for the establishment of three European Pharmacopoeia Biological Reference Preparations for equine influenza horse antiserum. Pharmeuropa 2000; 1:7–21.
          3. Daly J, Daas A, Behr-Gross ME. Collaborative study for the establishment of a candidate equine influenza subtype 2 American-like strain A/EQ/South Africa/4/03 - horse antiserum biological reference preparation.. Pharmeuropa Bio 2007 Dec;2007(1):7-14.
            pubmed: 18413133
          4. Mumford JA, Jessett DM, Rollinson EA, Hannant D, Draper ME. Duration of protective efficacy of equine influenza immunostimulating complex/tetanus vaccines.. Vet Rec 1994 Feb 12;134(7):158-62.
            pubmed: 8160328doi: 10.1136/vr.134.7.158google scholar: lookup
          5. Newton JR, Townsend HG, Wood JL, Sinclair R, Hannant D, Mumford JA. Immunity to equine influenza: relationship of vaccine-induced antibody in young Thoroughbred racehorses to protection against field infection with influenza A/equine-2 viruses (H3N8).. Equine Vet J 2000 Jan;32(1):65-74.
            pubmed: 10661388doi: 10.2746/042516400777612116google scholar: lookup
          6. Mumford JA. Biology, Epidemiology and Vaccinology of Equine Influenza. Quality Control of Equine Influenza Vaccines, Proceedings of an International Symposium organised by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM), Council of Europe, Budapest 10–11 December 2001; 7–12.
          7. Daly JM, Sindle T, Tearle J, Barquero N, Newton JR, Corning S. Equine influenza vaccine containing older H3N8 strains offers protection against A/eq/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) strain in a short-term vaccine efficacy study.. Equine Vet J 2007 Sep;39(5):446-50.
            pubmed: 17910270doi: 10.2746/042516407x180327google scholar: lookup
          8. Paillot R, Prowse L, Donald C, Medcalf E, Montesso F, Bryant N, Watson J, Jeggo M, Elton D, Newton R, Trail P, Barnes H. Efficacy of a whole inactivated EI vaccine against a recent EIV outbreak isolate and comparative detection of virus shedding.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010 Aug 15;136(3-4):272-83.
            pubmed: 20400185doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.03.019google scholar: lookup
          9. Paillot R, Prowse L, Montesso F, Huang CM, Barnes H, Escala J. Whole inactivated equine influenza vaccine: Efficacy against a representative clade 2 equine influenza virus, IFNgamma synthesis and duration of humoral immunity.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Mar 23;162(2-4):396-407.
            pubmed: 23146168doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.019google scholar: lookup
          10. El-Hage CM, Savage CJ, Minke JM, Ficorilli NP, Watson J, Gilkerson JR. Accelerated vaccination schedule provides protective levels of antibody and complete herd immunity to equine influenza.. Equine Vet J 2013 Mar;45(2):235-9.
            pubmed: 22943193doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00605.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          11. Garner MG, Cowled B, East IJ, Moloney BJ, Kung N. Evaluating the effectiveness of the response to equine influenza in the Australian outbreak and the potential role of early vaccination.. Aust Vet J 2011 Jul;89 Suppl 1:143-5.
            pubmed: 21711314doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00769.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          12. nSelleck PW, Kirkland PD. Avian Influenza. Australian and New Zealand Standard Diagnostic Procedures for Animal Diseases .
          13. Sergeant ES, Kirkland PD, Cowled BD. Field evaluation of an equine influenza ELISA used in New South Wales during the 2007 Australian outbreak response.. Prev Vet Med 2009 Dec 1;92(4):382-5.
            pubmed: 19800140doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.08.025google scholar: lookup
          14. Kirkland PD, Delbridge G. Use of a blocking ELISA for antibodies to equine influenza virus as a test to distinguish between naturally infected and vaccinated horses: proof of concept studies.. Aust Vet J 2011 Jul;89 Suppl 1:45-6.
            pubmed: 21711288doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00743.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          15. Read AJ, Arzey KE, Finlaison DS, Gu X, Davis RJ, Ritchie L, Kirkland PD. A prospective longitudinal study of naturally infected horses to evaluate the performance characteristics of rapid diagnostic tests for equine influenza virus.. Vet Microbiol 2012 May 4;156(3-4):246-55.
            pubmed: 22115969doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.10.031google scholar: lookup
          16. Cowled B, Ward MP, Hamilton S, Garner G. The equine influenza epidemic in Australia: spatial and temporal descriptive analyses of a large propagating epidemic.. Prev Vet Med 2009 Nov 1;92(1-2):60-70.
            pubmed: 19748691doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.08.006google scholar: lookup
          17. Gildea S, Arkins S, Walsh C, Cullinane A. A comparison of antibody responses to commercial equine influenza vaccines following primary vaccination of Thoroughbred weanlings--a randomised blind study.. Vaccine 2011 Nov 15;29(49):9214-23.
            pubmed: 21983355doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.101google scholar: lookup
          18. Gildea S, Arkins S, Walsh C, Cullinane A. A comparison of antibody responses to commercial equine influenza vaccines following annual booster vaccination of National Hunt horses - a randomised blind study.. Vaccine 2011 May 17;29(22):3917-22.
            pubmed: 21419776doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.003google scholar: lookup
          19. Cullinane A, Weld J, Osborne M, Nelly M, Mcbride C, Walsh C. Field studies on equine influenza vaccination regimes in thoroughbred foals and yearlings.. Vet J 2001 Mar;161(2):174-85.
            pubmed: 11243687doi: 10.1053/tvjl.2000.0546google scholar: lookup
          20. Gildea S, Arkins S, Cullinane A. A comparative antibody study of the potential susceptibility of Thoroughbred and non-Thoroughbred horse populations in Ireland to equine influenza virus.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2010 Nov;4(6):363-72.
            pmc: PMC4634612pubmed: 20958930doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00163.xgoogle scholar: lookup
          21. Kittelberger R, McFadden AM, Hannah MJ, Jenner J, Bueno R, Wait J, Kirkland PD, Delbridge G, Heine HG, Selleck PW, Pearce TW, Pigott CJ, O'Keefe JS. Comparative evaluation of four competitive/blocking ELISAs for the detection of influenza A antibodies in horses.. Vet Microbiol 2011 Mar 24;148(2-4):377-83.
            pubmed: 20843619doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.08.014google scholar: lookup
          22. Paillot R, Hannant D, Kydd JH, Daly JM. Vaccination against equine influenza: quid novi?. Vaccine 2006 May 8;24(19):4047-61.
            pubmed: 16545507doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.030google scholar: lookup
          23. Paillot R, Prowse L. ISCOM-matrix-based equine influenza (EIV) vaccine stimulates cell-mediated immunity in the horse.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012 Jan 15;145(1-2):516-21.
            pubmed: 22178272doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.11.019google scholar: lookup
          24. Suarez DL. Overview of avian influenza DIVA test strategies.. Biologicals 2005 Dec;33(4):221-6.
            pubmed: 16257543doi: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2005.08.003google scholar: lookup
          25. Caporale V, Giovannini A, Zepeda C. Surveillance strategies for foot and mouth disease to prove absence of disease and absence of viral circulation.. Rev Sci Tech 2012 Dec;31(3):747-59.
            pubmed: 23520730doi: 10.20506/rst.31.3.2156google scholar: lookup
          26. Wood JLN. A Review of the history and epidemiology and a description of recent outbreak. [MSc Dissertation]. London: University of London; 1991.

          Citations

          This article has been cited 9 times.
          1. Balkema-Buschmann A, Fischer K, McNabb L, Diederich S, Singanallur NB, Ziegler U, Keil GM, Kirkland PD, Penning M, Sadeghi B, Marsh G, Barr J, Colling A. Serological Hendra Virus Diagnostics Using an Indirect ELISA-Based DIVA Approach with Recombinant Hendra G and N Proteins. Microorganisms 2022 May 25;10(6).
            doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10061095pubmed: 35744614google scholar: lookup
          2. Cullinane A, Gahan J, Walsh C, Nemoto M, Entenfellner J, Olguin-Perglione C, Garvey M, Huang Fu TQ, Venner M, Yamanaka T, Barrandeguy M, Fernandez CJ. Evaluation of Current Equine Influenza Vaccination Protocols Prior to Shipment, Guided by OIE Standards. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Feb 29;8(1).
            doi: 10.3390/vaccines8010107pubmed: 32121419google scholar: lookup
          3. Fougerolle S, Fortier C, Legrand L, Jourdan M, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Pronost S, Paillot R. Success and Limitation of Equine Influenza Vaccination: The First Incursion in a Decade of a Florida Clade 1 Equine Influenza Virus that Shakes Protection Despite High Vaccine Coverage. Vaccines (Basel) 2019 Nov 2;7(4).
            doi: 10.3390/vaccines7040174pubmed: 31684097google scholar: lookup
          4. Blanco-Lobo P, Rodriguez L, Reedy S, Oladunni FS, Nogales A, Murcia PR, Chambers TM, Martinez-Sobrido L. A Bivalent Live-Attenuated Vaccine for the Prevention of Equine Influenza Virus. Viruses 2019 Oct 11;11(10).
            doi: 10.3390/v11100933pubmed: 31614538google scholar: lookup
          5. Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
            doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941pubmed: 30237788google scholar: lookup
          6. Paillot R, Marcillaud Pitel C, D'Ablon X, Pronost S. Equine Vaccines: How, When and Why? Report of the Vaccinology Session, French Equine Veterinarians Association, 2016, Reims. Vaccines (Basel) 2017 Dec 4;5(4).
            doi: 10.3390/vaccines5040046pubmed: 29207516google scholar: lookup
          7. Paillot R, Rash NL, Garrett D, Prowse-Davis L, Montesso F, Cullinane A, Lemaitre L, Thibault JC, Wittreck S, Dancer A. How to Meet the Last OIE Expert Surveillance Panel Recommendations on Equine Influenza (EI) Vaccine Composition: A Review of the Process Required for the Recombinant Canarypox-Based EI Vaccine. Pathogens 2016 Nov 25;5(4).
            doi: 10.3390/pathogens5040064pubmed: 27897990google scholar: lookup
          8. Paillot R, El-Hage CM. The Use of a Recombinant Canarypox-Based Equine Influenza Vaccine during the 2007 Australian Outbreak: A Systematic Review and Summary. Pathogens 2016 Jun 10;5(2).
            doi: 10.3390/pathogens5020042pubmed: 27294963google scholar: lookup
          9. Paillot R. A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2014 Nov 14;2(4):797-831.
            doi: 10.3390/vaccines2040797pubmed: 26344892google scholar: lookup
          Subscribe to our newsletter
          Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.