FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Genetics / The Evolutionary Origin and Genetic Makeup of Domestic Horse...
Genetics2016; 204(2); 423-434; doi: 10.1534/genetics.116.194860

The Evolutionary Origin and Genetic Makeup of Domestic Horses.

Abstract: The horse was domesticated only 5.5 KYA, thousands of years after dogs, cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. The horse nonetheless represents the domestic animal that most impacted human history; providing us with rapid transportation, which has considerably changed the speed and magnitude of the circulation of goods and people, as well as their cultures and diseases. By revolutionizing warfare and agriculture, horses also deeply influenced the politico-economic trajectory of human societies. Reciprocally, human activities have circled back on the recent evolution of the horse, by creating hundreds of domestic breeds through selective programs, while leading all wild populations to near extinction. Despite being tightly associated with humans, several aspects in the evolution of the domestic horse remain controversial. Here, we review recent advances in comparative genomics and paleogenomics that helped advance our understanding of the genetic foundation of domestic horses.
Copyright © 2016 by the Genetics Society of America.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2016-10-13 PubMed ID: 27729493PubMed Central: PMC5068837DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.194860Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article explores the historical domestication of horses, the impact this had on human civilization, and how human activity has further shaped horse evolution. It also covers current academic debates in the field, as well as new findings derived from studies in comparative and paleogenomics about the genetic makeup of domestic horses.

Historical Domestication of Horses

  • The research highlights that horses were domesticated merely 5.5 thousand years ago, long after dogs, cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats have been tamed by humanity.
  • It underscores the importance of this late domestication, explaining that horses have arguably had the most significant impact on human history out of all domesticated animals.
  • The study lists rapid transportation, increased circulation of goods and people, cultural exchange, spread of diseases, war, and agriculture as some key areas where horses have played a pivotal role.

Human Influence on Horse Evolution

  • Humans’ interaction with horses hasn’t just been a one-way street. The research shows how human activity has influenced the evolution of the horse in return.
  • Through targeted breeding programs, humans have created hundreds of domestic horse breeds, each one with its unique characteristics.
  • Conversely, human activity has also pushed all wild horse populations to near extinction.

Controversies and Advances in Horse Evolution Studies

  • The paper recognizes that, despite this intertwined history, many aspects surrounding the evolution of the domestic horse remain open to debate.
  • It then goes on to discuss recent advances in comparative genomics and paleogenomics, which are fields of study that involve comparing the genes of different species and studying ancient DNA, respectively.
  • Such research has contributed to a deeper understanding of the genetic makeup of domestic horses, helping contribute to the scholarly debate.

Cite This Article

APA
Librado P, Fages A, Gaunitz C, Leonardi M, Wagner S, Khan N, Hanghøj K, Alquraishi SA, Alfarhan AH, Al-Rasheid KA, Der Sarkissian C, Schubert M, Orlando L. (2016). The Evolutionary Origin and Genetic Makeup of Domestic Horses. Genetics, 204(2), 423-434. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.116.194860

Publication

Genetics
ISSN: 1943-2631
NlmUniqueID: 0374636
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 204
Issue: 2
Pages: 423-434

Researcher Affiliations

Librado, Pablo
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K, Denmark.
Fages, Antoine
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K, Denmark Laboratoire Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse III), 31000 Toulouse, France.
Gaunitz, Charleen
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K, Denmark.
Leonardi, Michela
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K, Denmark.
Wagner, Stefanie
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K, Denmark Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés UMR1202, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-33610 Cestas, France Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés UMR1202, Université de Bordeaux, F-33170 Talence, France.
Khan, Naveed
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K, Denmark Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan.
Hanghøj, Kristian
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K, Denmark Laboratoire Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse III), 31000 Toulouse, France.
Alquraishi, Saleh A
  • Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Alfarhan, Ahmed H
  • Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Al-Rasheid, Khaled A
  • Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Der Sarkissian, Clio
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K, Denmark.
Schubert, Mikkel
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K, Denmark.
Orlando, Ludovic
  • Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350K, Denmark Laboratoire Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier (Toulouse III), 31000 Toulouse, France Lorlando@snm.ku.dk.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Animals, Domestic / genetics
  • Biological Evolution
  • Cattle
  • Dogs
  • Horses / genetics
  • Humans
  • Selective Breeding / genetics

References

This article includes 131 references
  1. Achilli A, Olivieri A, Soares P, Lancioni H, Hooshiar Kashani B, Perego UA, Nergadze SG, Carossa V, Santagostino M, Capomaccio S, Felicetti M, Al-Achkar W, Penedo MC, Verini-Supplizi A, Houshmand M, Woodward SR, Semino O, Silvestrelli M, Giulotto E, Pereira L, Bandelt HJ, Torroni A. Mitochondrial genomes from modern horses reveal the major haplogroups that underwent domestication.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 Feb 14;109(7):2449-54.
    pmc: PMC3289334pubmed: 22308342doi: 10.1073/pnas.1111637109google scholar: lookup
  2. Adler CJ, Dobney K, Weyrich LS, Kaidonis J, Walker AW, Haak W, Bradshaw CJ, Townsend G, Sołtysiak A, Alt KW, Parkhill J, Cooper A. Sequencing ancient calcified dental plaque shows changes in oral microbiota with dietary shifts of the Neolithic and Industrial revolutions.. Nat Genet 2013 Apr;45(4):450-5, 455e1.
    pmc: PMC3996550pubmed: 23416520doi: 10.1038/ng.2536google scholar: lookup
  3. Alroy J. A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction.. Science 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1893-6.
    pubmed: 11397940doi: 10.1126/science.1059342google scholar: lookup
  4. Andersson LS, Larhammar M, Memic F, Wootz H, Schwochow D, Rubin CJ, Patra K, Arnason T, Wellbring L, Hjälm G, Imsland F, Petersen JL, McCue ME, Mickelson JR, Cothran G, Ahituv N, Roepstorff L, Mikko S, Vallstedt A, Lindgren G, Andersson L, Kullander K. Mutations in DMRT3 affect locomotion in horses and spinal circuit function in mice.. Nature 2012 Aug 30;488(7413):642-6.
    pmc: PMC3523687pubmed: 22932389doi: 10.1038/nature11399google scholar: lookup
  5. Andersson L, Archibald AL, Bottema CD, Brauning R, Burgess SC, Burt DW, Casas E, Cheng HH, Clarke L, Couldrey C, Dalrymple BP, Elsik CG, Foissac S, Giuffra E, Groenen MA, Hayes BJ, Huang LS, Khatib H, Kijas JW, Kim H, Lunney JK, McCarthy FM, McEwan JC, Moore S, Nanduri B, Notredame C, Palti Y, Plastow GS, Reecy JM, Rohrer GA, Sarropoulou E, Schmidt CJ, Silverstein J, Tellam RL, Tixier-Boichard M, Tosser-Klopp G, Tuggle CK, Vilkki J, White SN, Zhao S, Zhou H. Coordinated international action to accelerate genome-to-phenome with FAANG, the Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes project.. Genome Biol 2015 Mar 25;16(1):57.
    pmc: PMC4373242pubmed: 25854118doi: 10.1186/s13059-015-0622-4google scholar: lookup
  6. Anthony D W. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. .
  7. Baird JD, Valberg SJ, Anderson SM, McCue ME, Mickelson JR. Presence of the glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) mutation causing type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy in continental European draught horse breeds.. Vet Rec 2010 Nov 13;167(20):781-4.
    pubmed: 21262610doi: 10.1136/vr.c3447google scholar: lookup
  8. Beaumont MA, Zhang W, Balding DJ. Approximate Bayesian computation in population genetics.. Genetics 2002 Dec;162(4):2025-35.
    pmc: PMC1462356pubmed: 12524368doi: 10.1093/genetics/162.4.2025google scholar: lookup
  9. Bellone RR, Brooks SA, Sandmeyer L, Murphy BA, Forsyth G, Archer S, Bailey E, Grahn B. Differential gene expression of TRPM1, the potential cause of congenital stationary night blindness and coat spotting patterns (LP) in the Appaloosa horse (Equus caballus).. Genetics 2008 Aug;179(4):1861-70.
    pmc: PMC2516064pubmed: 18660533doi: 10.1534/genetics.108.088807google scholar: lookup
  10. Bellone RR, Forsyth G, Leeb T, Archer S, Sigurdsson S, Imsland F, Mauceli E, Engensteiner M, Bailey E, Sandmeyer L, Grahn B, Lindblad-Toh K, Wade CM. Fine-mapping and mutation analysis of TRPM1: a candidate gene for leopard complex (LP) spotting and congenital stationary night blindness in horses.. Brief Funct Genomics 2010 May;9(3):193-207.
    pubmed: 20353955doi: 10.1093/bfgp/elq002google scholar: lookup
  11. Bendrey R. From wild horses to domestic horses: a European perspective. World Archaeol 44: 135–157.
  12. Binns MM, Boehler DA, Lambert DH. Identification of the myostatin locus (MSTN) as having a major effect on optimum racing distance in the Thoroughbred horse in the USA.. Anim Genet 2010 Dec;41 Suppl 2:154-8.
    pubmed: 21070290doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02126.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  13. Bollongino R, Elsner J, Vigne JD, Burger J. Y-SNPs do not indicate hybridisation between European aurochs and domestic cattle.. PLoS One 2008;3(10):e3418.
    pmc: PMC2561061pubmed: 18852900doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003418google scholar: lookup
  14. Boyle K V. Neolithic wild game animals in Western Europe: the question of hunting. pp. 10–23 in Animals in the Neolithic of Britain and Europe, edited by D. Serjeantson and D. Field.
  15. Brandariz-Fontes C, Leonard JA, Vega-Pla JL, Backström N, Lindgren G, Lippold S, Rico C. Y-chromosome analysis in Retuertas horses.. PLoS One 2013;8(5):e64985.
    pmc: PMC3669082pubmed: 23741439doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064985google scholar: lookup
  16. Brooks SA, Makvandi-Nejad S, Chu E, Allen JJ, Streeter C, Gu E, McCleery B, Murphy BA, Bellone R, Sutter NB. Morphological variation in the horse: defining complex traits of body size and shape.. Anim Genet 2010 Dec;41 Suppl 2:159-65.
    pubmed: 21070291doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02127.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  17. Bruford MW, Bradley DG, Luikart G. DNA markers reveal the complexity of livestock domestication.. Nat Rev Genet 2003 Nov;4(11):900-10.
    pubmed: 14634637doi: 10.1038/nrg1203google scholar: lookup
  18. Burney DA, Flannery TF. Fifty millennia of catastrophic extinctions after human contact.. Trends Ecol Evol 2005 Jul;20(7):395-401.
    pubmed: 16701402doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.022google scholar: lookup
  19. Cardona A, Pagani L, Antao T, Lawson DJ, Eichstaedt CA, Yngvadottir B, Shwe MT, Wee J, Romero IG, Raj S, Metspalu M, Villems R, Willerslev E, Tyler-Smith C, Malyarchuk BA, Derenko MV, Kivisild T. Genome-wide analysis of cold adaptation in indigenous Siberian populations.. PLoS One 2014;9(5):e98076.
    pmc: PMC4029955pubmed: 24847810doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098076google scholar: lookup
  20. Carpenter ML, Buenrostro JD, Valdiosera C, Schroeder H, Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Rasmussen M, Gravel S, Guillén S, Nekhrizov G, Leshtakov K, Dimitrova D, Theodossiev N, Pettener D, Luiselli D, Sandoval K, Moreno-Estrada A, Li Y, Wang J, Gilbert MT, Willerslev E, Greenleaf WJ, Bustamante CD. Pulling out the 1%: whole-genome capture for the targeted enrichment of ancient DNA sequencing libraries.. Am J Hum Genet 2013 Nov 7;93(5):852-64.
    pmc: PMC3824117pubmed: 24568772doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.10.002google scholar: lookup
  21. Charlesworth B. Fundamental concepts in genetics: effective population size and patterns of molecular evolution and variation.. Nat Rev Genet 2009 Mar;10(3):195-205.
    pubmed: 19204717doi: 10.1038/nrg2526google scholar: lookup
  22. Cieslak M, Pruvost M, Benecke N, Hofreiter M, Morales A, Reissmann M, Ludwig A. Origin and history of mitochondrial DNA lineages in domestic horses.. PLoS One 2010 Dec 20;5(12):e15311.
    pmc: PMC3004868pubmed: 21187961doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015311google scholar: lookup
  23. Crubézy E, Amory S, Keyser C, Bouakaze C, Bodner M, Gibert M, Röck A, Parson W, Alexeev A, Ludes B. Human evolution in Siberia: from frozen bodies to ancient DNA.. BMC Evol Biol 2010 Jan 25;10:25.
    pmc: PMC2829035pubmed: 20100333doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-25google scholar: lookup
  24. Cruz F, Vilà C, Webster MT. The legacy of domestication: accumulation of deleterious mutations in the dog genome.. Mol Biol Evol 2008 Nov;25(11):2331-6.
    pubmed: 18689870doi: 10.1093/molbev/msn177google scholar: lookup
  25. Csilléry K, Blum MG, Gaggiotti OE, François O. Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) in practice.. Trends Ecol Evol 2010 Jul;25(7):410-8.
    pubmed: 20488578doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2010.04.001google scholar: lookup
  26. Dabney J, Knapp M, Glocke I, Gansauge MT, Weihmann A, Nickel B, Valdiosera C, García N, Pääbo S, Arsuaga JL, Meyer M. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a Middle Pleistocene cave bear reconstructed from ultrashort DNA fragments.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 Sep 24;110(39):15758-63.
    pmc: PMC3785785pubmed: 24019490doi: 10.1073/pnas.1314445110google scholar: lookup
  27. Der Sarkissian C, Ermini L, Schubert M, Yang MA, Librado P, Fumagalli M, Jónsson H, Bar-Gal GK, Albrechtsen A, Vieira FG, Petersen B, Ginolhac A, Seguin-Orlando A, Magnussen K, Fages A, Gamba C, Lorente-Galdos B, Polani S, Steiner C, Neuditschko M, Jagannathan V, Feh C, Greenblatt CL, Ludwig A, Abramson NI, Zimmermann W, Schafberg R, Tikhonov A, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Willerslev E, Marques-Bonet T, Ryder OA, McCue M, Rieder S, Leeb T, Slatkin M, Orlando L. Evolutionary Genomics and Conservation of the Endangered Przewalski's Horse.. Curr Biol 2015 Oct 5;25(19):2577-83.
    pmc: PMC5104162pubmed: 26412128doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.032google scholar: lookup
  28. Drummond AJ, Rambaut A, Shapiro B, Pybus OG. Bayesian coalescent inference of past population dynamics from molecular sequences.. Mol Biol Evol 2005 May;22(5):1185-92.
    pubmed: 15703244doi: 10.1093/molbev/msi103google scholar: lookup
  29. Edwards CJ, Bollongino R, Scheu A, Chamberlain A, Tresset A, Vigne JD, Baird JF, Larson G, Ho SY, Heupink TH, Shapiro B, Freeman AR, Thomas MG, Arbogast RM, Arndt B, Bartosiewicz L, Benecke N, Budja M, Chaix L, Choyke AM, Coqueugniot E, Döhle HJ, Göldner H, Hartz S, Helmer D, Herzig B, Hongo H, Mashkour M, Ozdogan M, Pucher E, Roth G, Schade-Lindig S, Schmölcke U, Schulting RJ, Stephan E, Uerpmann HP, Vörös I, Voytek B, Bradley DG, Burger J. Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows a Near Eastern Neolithic origin for domestic cattle and no indication of domestication of European aurochs.. Proc Biol Sci 2007 Jun 7;274(1616):1377-85.
    pmc: PMC2176208pubmed: 17412685doi: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0020google scholar: lookup
  30. Faith JT, Surovell TA. Synchronous extinction of North America's Pleistocene mammals.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 Dec 8;106(49):20641-5.
    pmc: PMC2791611pubmed: 19934040doi: 10.1073/pnas.0908153106google scholar: lookup
  31. FAO. The Second Report on the State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. edited by B. D. Scherf and D. Pilling. FAO Commision on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments, Rome.
  32. Firestone RB, West A, Kennett JP, Becker L, Bunch TE, Revay ZS, Schultz PH, Belgya T, Kennett DJ, Erlandson JM, Dickenson OJ, Goodyear AC, Harris RS, Howard GA, Kloosterman JB, Lechler P, Mayewski PA, Montgomery J, Poreda R, Darrah T, Hee SS, Smith AR, Stich A, Topping W, Wittke JH, Wolbach WS. Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007 Oct 9;104(41):16016-21.
    pmc: PMC1994902pubmed: 17901202doi: 10.1073/pnas.0706977104google scholar: lookup
  33. Girdland Flink L, Allen R, Barnett R, Malmström H, Peters J, Eriksson J, Andersson L, Dobney K, Larson G. Establishing the validity of domestication genes using DNA from ancient chickens.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014 Apr 29;111(17):6184-9.
    pmc: PMC4035994pubmed: 24753608doi: 10.1073/pnas.1308939110google scholar: lookup
  34. Frantz LA, Schraiber JG, Madsen O, Megens HJ, Cagan A, Bosse M, Paudel Y, Crooijmans RP, Larson G, Groenen MA. Evidence of long-term gene flow and selection during domestication from analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes.. Nat Genet 2015 Oct;47(10):1141-8.
    pubmed: 26323058doi: 10.1038/ng.3394google scholar: lookup
  35. Fu Q, Meyer M, Gao X, Stenzel U, Burbano HA, Kelso J, Pääbo S. DNA analysis of an early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, China.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 Feb 5;110(6):2223-7.
    pmc: PMC3568306pubmed: 23341637doi: 10.1073/pnas.1221359110google scholar: lookup
  36. Fu Q, Posth C, Hajdinjak M, Petr M, Mallick S, Fernandes D, Furtwängler A, Haak W, Meyer M, Mittnik A, Nickel B, Peltzer A, Rohland N, Slon V, Talamo S, Lazaridis I, Lipson M, Mathieson I, Schiffels S, Skoglund P, Derevianko AP, Drozdov N, Slavinsky V, Tsybankov A, Cremonesi RG, Mallegni F, Gély B, Vacca E, Morales MR, Straus LG, Neugebauer-Maresch C, Teschler-Nicola M, Constantin S, Moldovan OT, Benazzi S, Peresani M, Coppola D, Lari M, Ricci S, Ronchitelli A, Valentin F, Thevenet C, Wehrberger K, Grigorescu D, Rougier H, Crevecoeur I, Flas D, Semal P, Mannino MA, Cupillard C, Bocherens H, Conard NJ, Harvati K, Moiseyev V, Drucker DG, Svoboda J, Richards MP, Caramelli D, Pinhasi R, Kelso J, Patterson N, Krause J, Pääbo S, Reich D. The genetic history of Ice Age Europe.. Nature 2016 Jun 9;534(7606):200-5.
    pmc: PMC4943878pubmed: 27135931doi: 10.1038/nature17993google scholar: lookup
  37. Gallimore R, Jacob R, Kutzbach J. Coupled atmosphere-ocean-vegetation simulations for modern and mid-Holocene climates: role of extratropical vegetation cover feedbacks. Clim. Dyn. 25: 755–776.
  38. Gamba C, Hanghøj K, Gaunitz C, Alfarhan AH, Alquraishi SA, Al-Rasheid KA, Bradley DG, Orlando L. Comparing the performance of three ancient DNA extraction methods for high-throughput sequencing.. Mol Ecol Resour 2016 Mar;16(2):459-69.
    pubmed: 26401836doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.12470google scholar: lookup
  39. Gansauge MT, Meyer M. Single-stranded DNA library preparation for the sequencing of ancient or damaged DNA.. Nat Protoc 2013 Apr;8(4):737-48.
    pubmed: 23493070doi: 10.1038/nprot.2013.038google scholar: lookup
  40. Gansauge MT, Meyer M. Selective enrichment of damaged DNA molecules for ancient genome sequencing.. Genome Res 2014 Sep;24(9):1543-9.
    pmc: PMC4158764pubmed: 25081630doi: 10.1101/gr.174201.114google scholar: lookup
  41. Gokhman D, Lavi E, Prüfer K, Fraga MF, Riancho JA, Kelso J, Pääbo S, Meshorer E, Carmel L. Reconstructing the DNA methylation maps of the Neandertal and the Denisovan.. Science 2014 May 2;344(6183):523-7.
    pubmed: 24786081doi: 10.1126/science.1250368google scholar: lookup
  42. Gokhman D, Meshorer E, Carmel L. Epigenetics: It's Getting Old. Past Meets Future in Paleoepigenetics.. Trends Ecol Evol 2016 Apr;31(4):290-300.
    pubmed: 26898827doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.01.010google scholar: lookup
  43. Götherström A, Anderung C, Hellborg L, Elburg R, Smith C, Bradley DG, Ellegren H. Cattle domestication in the Near East was followed by hybridization with aurochs bulls in Europe.. Proc Biol Sci 2005 Nov 22;272(1579):2345-50.
    pmc: PMC1559968pubmed: 16243693doi: 10.1098/rspb.2005.3243google scholar: lookup
  44. Groeneveld LF, Lenstra JA, Eding H, Toro MA, Scherf B, Pilling D, Negrini R, Finlay EK, Jianlin H, Groeneveld E, Weigend S. Genetic diversity in farm animals--a review.. Anim Genet 2010 May;41 Suppl 1:6-31.
    pubmed: 20500753doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02038.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  45. Guthrie RD. New carbon dates link climatic change with human colonization and Pleistocene extinctions.. Nature 2006 May 11;441(7090):207-9.
    pubmed: 16688174doi: 10.1038/nature04604google scholar: lookup
  46. Haile J, Froese DG, Macphee RD, Roberts RG, Arnold LJ, Reyes AV, Rasmussen M, Nielsen R, Brook BW, Robinson S, Demuro M, Gilbert MT, Munch K, Austin JJ, Cooper A, Barnes I, Möller P, Willerslev E. Ancient DNA reveals late survival of mammoth and horse in interior Alaska.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 Dec 29;106(52):22352-7.
    pmc: PMC2795395pubmed: 20018740doi: 10.1073/pnas.0912510106google scholar: lookup
  47. Han H, Zhang Q, Gao K, Yue X, Zhang T, Dang R, Lan X, Chen H, Lei C. Y-Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Diversity in Chinese Indigenous Horse.. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2015 Aug;28(8):1066-74.
    pmc: PMC4478473pubmed: 26104513doi: 10.5713/ajas.14.0784google scholar: lookup
  48. Heller R, Chikhi L, Siegismund HR. The confounding effect of population structure on Bayesian skyline plot inferences of demographic history.. PLoS One 2013;8(5):e62992.
    pmc: PMC3646956pubmed: 23667558doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062992google scholar: lookup
  49. Higuchi R, Bowman B, Freiberger M, Ryder OA, Wilson AC. DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family.. Nature 1984 Nov 15-21;312(5991):282-4.
    pubmed: 6504142doi: 10.1038/312282a0google scholar: lookup
  50. Hill EW, McGivney BA, Gu J, Whiston R, Machugh DE. A genome-wide SNP-association study confirms a sequence variant (g.66493737C>T) in the equine myostatin (MSTN) gene as the most powerful predictor of optimum racing distance for Thoroughbred racehorses.. BMC Genomics 2010 Oct 11;11:552.
    pmc: PMC3091701pubmed: 20932346doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-552google scholar: lookup
  51. Hill EW, Gu J, Eivers SS, Fonseca RG, McGivney BA, Govindarajan P, Orr N, Katz LM, MacHugh DE. A sequence polymorphism in MSTN predicts sprinting ability and racing stamina in thoroughbred horses.. PLoS One 2010 Jan 20;5(1):e8645.
    pmc: PMC2808334pubmed: 20098749doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008645google scholar: lookup
  52. Ho SY, Shapiro B. Skyline-plot methods for estimating demographic history from nucleotide sequences.. Mol Ecol Resour 2011 May;11(3):423-34.
    pubmed: 21481200doi: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.02988.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  53. van den Hoven R, Gür E, Schlamanig M, Hofer M, Onmaz AC, Steinborn R. Putative regulation mechanism for the MSTN gene by a CpG island generated by the SINE marker Ins227bp.. BMC Vet Res 2015 Jun 23;11:138.
    pmc: PMC4476204pubmed: 26100061doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0428-3google scholar: lookup
  54. Huntley B, Webb T III. Vegetation history. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
  55. Imsland F, McGowan K, Rubin CJ, Henegar C, Sundström E, Berglund J, Schwochow D, Gustafson U, Imsland P, Lindblad-Toh K, Lindgren G, Mikko S, Millon L, Wade C, Schubert M, Orlando L, Penedo MC, Barsh GS, Andersson L. Regulatory mutations in TBX3 disrupt asymmetric hair pigmentation that underlies Dun camouflage color in horses.. Nat Genet 2016 Feb;48(2):152-8.
    pmc: PMC4731265pubmed: 26691985doi: 10.1038/ng.3475google scholar: lookup
  56. Jäderkvist Fegraeus K, Johansson L, Mäenpää M, Mykkänen A, Andersson LS, Velie BD, Andersson L, Árnason T, Lindgren G. Different DMRT3 Genotypes Are Best Adapted for Harness Racing and Riding in Finnhorses.. J Hered 2015 Nov-Dec;106(6):734-40.
    pubmed: 26285915doi: 10.1093/jhered/esv062google scholar: lookup
  57. Jansen T, Forster P, Levine MA, Oelke H, Hurles M, Renfrew C, Weber J, Olek K. Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 Aug 6;99(16):10905-10.
    pmc: PMC125071pubmed: 12130666doi: 10.1073/pnas.152330099google scholar: lookup
  58. Jónsson H, Schubert M, Seguin-Orlando A, Ginolhac A, Petersen L, Fumagalli M, Albrechtsen A, Petersen B, Korneliussen TS, Vilstrup JT, Lear T, Myka JL, Lundquist J, Miller DC, Alfarhan AH, Alquraishi SA, Al-Rasheid KA, Stagegaard J, Strauss G, Bertelsen MF, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Antczak DF, Bailey E, Nielsen R, Willerslev E, Orlando L. Speciation with gene flow in equids despite extensive chromosomal plasticity.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014 Dec 30;111(52):18655-60.
    pmc: PMC4284605pubmed: 25453089doi: 10.1073/pnas.1412627111google scholar: lookup
  59. Kelekna P. The Horse in Human History. Cambridge University Press, New York.
  60. King S R B, Boyd L, Zimmerman W, Kendall B E. Equus ferus ssp. przewalskii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T7961A45172099.
    doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T7961A45172099.engoogle scholar: lookup
  61. Kimura B, Marshall FB, Chen S, Rosenbom S, Moehlman PD, Tuross N, Sabin RC, Peters J, Barich B, Yohannes H, Kebede F, Teclai R, Beja-Pereira A, Mulligan CJ. Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication.. Proc Biol Sci 2011 Jan 7;278(1702):50-7.
    pmc: PMC2992715pubmed: 20667880doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0708google scholar: lookup
  62. Koch P L, Barnosky A D. Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 37: 215–250.
  63. Koenig D, Jiménez-Gómez JM, Kimura S, Fulop D, Chitwood DH, Headland LR, Kumar R, Covington MF, Devisetty UK, Tat AV, Tohge T, Bolger A, Schneeberger K, Ossowski S, Lanz C, Xiong G, Taylor-Teeples M, Brady SM, Pauly M, Weigel D, Usadel B, Fernie AR, Peng J, Sinha NR, Maloof JN. Comparative transcriptomics reveals patterns of selection in domesticated and wild tomato.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013 Jul 9;110(28):E2655-62.
    pmc: PMC3710864pubmed: 23803858doi: 10.1073/pnas.1309606110google scholar: lookup
  64. Kreutzmann N, Brem G, Wallner B. The domestic horse harbours Y-chromosomal microsatellite polymorphism only on two widely distributed male lineages.. Anim Genet 2014 Jun;45(3):460.
    pubmed: 24684376doi: 10.1111/age.12149google scholar: lookup
  65. Kristjansson T, Bjornsdottir S, Sigurdsson A, Andersson LS, Lindgren G, Helyar SJ, Klonowski AM, Arnason T. The effect of the 'Gait keeper' mutation in the DMRT3 gene on gaiting ability in Icelandic horses.. J Anim Breed Genet 2014 Dec;131(6):415-25.
    pubmed: 25073639doi: 10.1111/jbg.12112google scholar: lookup
  66. Li H, Durbin R. Inference of human population history from individual whole-genome sequences.. Nature 2011 Jul 13;475(7357):493-6.
    pmc: PMC3154645pubmed: 21753753doi: 10.1038/nature10231google scholar: lookup
  67. Librado P, Der Sarkissian C, Ermini L, Schubert M, Jónsson H, Albrechtsen A, Fumagalli M, Yang MA, Gamba C, Seguin-Orlando A, Mortensen CD, Petersen B, Hoover CA, Lorente-Galdos B, Nedoluzhko A, Boulygina E, Tsygankova S, Neuditschko M, Jagannathan V, Thèves C, Alfarhan AH, Alquraishi SA, Al-Rasheid KA, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Popov R, Grigoriev S, Alekseev AN, Rubin EM, McCue M, Rieder S, Leeb T, Tikhonov A, Crubézy E, Slatkin M, Marques-Bonet T, Nielsen R, Willerslev E, Kantanen J, Prokhortchouk E, Orlando L. Tracking the origins of Yakutian horses and the genetic basis for their fast adaptation to subarctic environments.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 Dec 15;112(50):E6889-97.
    pmc: PMC4687531pubmed: 26598656doi: 10.1073/pnas.1513696112google scholar: lookup
  68. Lindgren G, Backström N, Swinburne J, Hellborg L, Einarsson A, Sandberg K, Cothran G, Vilà C, Binns M, Ellegren H. Limited number of patrilines in horse domestication.. Nat Genet 2004 Apr;36(4):335-6.
    pubmed: 15034578doi: 10.1038/ng1326google scholar: lookup
  69. Lippold S, Matzke NJ, Reissmann M, Hofreiter M. Whole mitochondrial genome sequencing of domestic horses reveals incorporation of extensive wild horse diversity during domestication.. BMC Evol Biol 2011 Nov 14;11:328.
    pmc: PMC3247663pubmed: 22082251doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-328google scholar: lookup
  70. Lippold S, Knapp M, Kuznetsova T, Leonard JA, Benecke N, Ludwig A, Rasmussen M, Cooper A, Weinstock J, Willerslev E, Shapiro B, Hofreiter M. Discovery of lost diversity of paternal horse lineages using ancient DNA.. Nat Commun 2011 Aug 23;2:450.
    pubmed: 21863017doi: 10.1038/ncomms1447google scholar: lookup
  71. Lira J, Linderholm A, Olaria C, Brandström Durling M, Gilbert MT, Ellegren H, Willerslev E, Lidén K, Arsuaga JL, Götherström A. Ancient DNA reveals traces of Iberian Neolithic and Bronze Age lineages in modern Iberian horses.. Mol Ecol 2010 Jan;19(1):64-78.
    pubmed: 19943892doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04430.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  72. Lister A, Kadwell M, Kaagen L M, Richards M B, Stanley H F. Ancient and modern DNA in a study of horse domestication. Anc. Biomol. 2: 267–280.
  73. Lorenzen ED, Nogués-Bravo D, Orlando L, Weinstock J, Binladen J, Marske KA, Ugan A, Borregaard MK, Gilbert MT, Nielsen R, Ho SY, Goebel T, Graf KE, Byers D, Stenderup JT, Rasmussen M, Campos PF, Leonard JA, Koepfli KP, Froese D, Zazula G, Stafford TW Jr, Aaris-Sørensen K, Batra P, Haywood AM, Singarayer JS, Valdes PJ, Boeskorov G, Burns JA, Davydov SP, Haile J, Jenkins DL, Kosintsev P, Kuznetsova T, Lai X, Martin LD, McDonald HG, Mol D, Meldgaard M, Munch K, Stephan E, Sablin M, Sommer RS, Sipko T, Scott E, Suchard MA, Tikhonov A, Willerslev R, Wayne RK, Cooper A, Hofreiter M, Sher A, Shapiro B, Rahbek C, Willerslev E. Species-specific responses of Late Quaternary megafauna to climate and humans.. Nature 2011 Nov 2;479(7373):359-64.
    pmc: PMC4070744pubmed: 22048313doi: 10.1038/nature10574google scholar: lookup
  74. Lu J, Tang T, Tang H, Huang J, Shi S, Wu CI. The accumulation of deleterious mutations in rice genomes: a hypothesis on the cost of domestication.. Trends Genet 2006 Mar;22(3):126-31.
    pubmed: 16443304doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.004google scholar: lookup
  75. Ludwig A, Pruvost M, Reissmann M, Benecke N, Brockmann GA, Castaños P, Cieslak M, Lippold S, Llorente L, Malaspinas AS, Slatkin M, Hofreiter M. Coat color variation at the beginning of horse domestication.. Science 2009 Apr 24;324(5926):485.
    pmc: PMC5102060pubmed: 19390039doi: 10.1126/science.1172750google scholar: lookup
  76. Ludwig A, Reissmann M, Benecke N, Bellone R, Sandoval-Castellanos E, Cieslak M, Fortes GG, Morales-Muñiz A, Hofreiter M, Pruvost M. Twenty-five thousand years of fluctuating selection on leopard complex spotting and congenital night blindness in horses.. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015 Jan 19;370(1660):20130386.
    pmc: PMC4275893pubmed: 25487337doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0386google scholar: lookup
  77. Lynch VJ, Bedoya-Reina OC, Ratan A, Sulak M, Drautz-Moses DI, Perry GH, Miller W, Schuster SC. Elephantid Genomes Reveal the Molecular Bases of Woolly Mammoth Adaptations to the Arctic.. Cell Rep 2015 Jul 14;12(2):217-28.
    pubmed: 26146078doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.027google scholar: lookup
  78. Macfadden BJ. Evolution. Fossil horses--evidence for evolution.. Science 2005 Mar 18;307(5716):1728-30.
    pubmed: 15774746doi: 10.1126/science.1105458google scholar: lookup
  79. Makvandi-Nejad S, Hoffman GE, Allen JJ, Chu E, Gu E, Chandler AM, Loredo AI, Bellone RR, Mezey JG, Brooks SA, Sutter NB. Four loci explain 83% of size variation in the horse.. PLoS One 2012;7(7):e39929.
    pmc: PMC3394777pubmed: 22808074doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039929google scholar: lookup
  80. Malaspinas AS, Malaspinas O, Evans SN, Slatkin M. Estimating allele age and selection coefficient from time-serial data.. Genetics 2012 Oct;192(2):599-607.
    pmc: PMC3454883pubmed: 22851647doi: 10.1534/genetics.112.140939google scholar: lookup
  81. Marsden CD, Ortega-Del Vecchyo D, O'Brien DP, Taylor JF, Ramirez O, Vilà C, Marques-Bonet T, Schnabel RD, Wayne RK, Lohmueller KE. Bottlenecks and selective sweeps during domestication have increased deleterious genetic variation in dogs.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016 Jan 5;113(1):152-7.
    pmc: PMC4711855pubmed: 26699508doi: 10.1073/pnas.1512501113google scholar: lookup
  82. McCoy AM, Schaefer R, Petersen JL, Morrell PL, Slamka MA, Mickelson JR, Valberg SJ, McCue ME. Evidence of positive selection for a glycogen synthase (GYS1) mutation in domestic horse populations.. J Hered 2014 Mar-Apr;105(2):163-72.
    pmc: PMC3920812pubmed: 24215078doi: 10.1093/jhered/est075google scholar: lookup
  83. McCue ME, Valberg SJ, Miller MB, Wade C, DiMauro S, Akman HO, Mickelson JR. Glycogen synthase (GYS1) mutation causes a novel skeletal muscle glycogenosis.. Genomics 2008 May;91(5):458-66.
    pmc: PMC2430182pubmed: 18358695doi: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.01.011google scholar: lookup
  84. McCue ME, Anderson SM, Valberg SJ, Piercy RJ, Barakzai SZ, Binns MM, Distl O, Penedo MC, Wagner ML, Mickelson JR. Estimated prevalence of the Type 1 Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy mutation in selected North American and European breeds.. Anim Genet 2010 Dec;41 Suppl 2:145-9.
    pubmed: 21070288doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02124.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  85. McCue ME, Bannasch DL, Petersen JL, Gurr J, Bailey E, Binns MM, Distl O, Guérin G, Hasegawa T, Hill EW, Leeb T, Lindgren G, Penedo MC, Røed KH, Ryder OA, Swinburne JE, Tozaki T, Valberg SJ, Vaudin M, Lindblad-Toh K, Wade CM, Mickelson JR. A high density SNP array for the domestic horse and extant Perissodactyla: utility for association mapping, genetic diversity, and phylogeny studies.. PLoS Genet 2012 Jan;8(1):e1002451.
    pmc: PMC3257288pubmed: 22253606doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002451google scholar: lookup
  86. McGivney BA, Browne JA, Fonseca RG, Katz LM, Machugh DE, Whiston R, Hill EW. MSTN genotypes in Thoroughbred horses influence skeletal muscle gene expression and racetrack performance.. Anim Genet 2012 Dec;43(6):810-2.
    pubmed: 22497477doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2012.02329.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  87. Meadows JR, Hawken RJ, Kijas JW. Nucleotide diversity on the ovine Y chromosome.. Anim Genet 2004 Oct;35(5):379-85.
    pubmed: 15373741doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01180.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  88. Meiri M, Huchon D, Bar-Oz G, Boaretto E, Horwitz LK, Maeir AM, Sapir-Hen L, Larson G, Weiner S, Finkelstein I. Ancient DNA and population turnover in southern levantine pigs--signature of the sea peoples migration?. Sci Rep 2013 Nov 4;3:3035.
    pmc: PMC3816294pubmed: 24186332doi: 10.1038/srep03035google scholar: lookup
  89. Meyer M, Kircher M, Gansauge MT, Li H, Racimo F, Mallick S, Schraiber JG, Jay F, Prüfer K, de Filippo C, Sudmant PH, Alkan C, Fu Q, Do R, Rohland N, Tandon A, Siebauer M, Green RE, Bryc K, Briggs AW, Stenzel U, Dabney J, Shendure J, Kitzman J, Hammer MF, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Patterson N, Andrés AM, Eichler EE, Slatkin M, Reich D, Kelso J, Pääbo S. A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual.. Science 2012 Oct 12;338(6104):222-6.
    pmc: PMC3617501pubmed: 22936568doi: 10.1126/science.1224344google scholar: lookup
  90. Natanaelsson C, Oskarsson MC, Angleby H, Lundeberg J, Kirkness E, Savolainen P. Dog Y chromosomal DNA sequence: identification, sequencing and SNP discovery.. BMC Genet 2006 Oct 6;7:45.
    pmc: PMC1630699pubmed: 17026745doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-7-45google scholar: lookup
  91. Ollivier M, Tresset A, Hitte C, Petit C, Hughes S, Gillet B, Duffraisse M, Pionnier-Capitan M, Lagoutte L, Arbogast RM, Balasescu A, Boroneant A, Mashkour M, Vigne JD, Hänni C. Evidence of coat color variation sheds new light on ancient canids.. PLoS One 2013;8(10):e75110.
    pmc: PMC3788791pubmed: 24098367doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075110google scholar: lookup
  92. Orlando L. The first aurochs genome reveals the breeding history of British and European cattle.. Genome Biol 2015 Oct 26;16:225.
    pmc: PMC4620633pubmed: 26498490doi: 10.1186/s13059-015-0793-zgoogle scholar: lookup
  93. Orlando L, Willerslev E. Evolution. An epigenetic window into the past?. Science 2014 Aug 1;345(6196):511-2.
    pubmed: 25082684doi: 10.1126/science.1256515google scholar: lookup
  94. Orlando L, Mashkour M, Burke A, Douady CJ, Eisenmann V, Hänni C. Geographic distribution of an extinct equid (Equus hydruntinus: Mammalia, Equidae) revealed by morphological and genetical analyses of fossils.. Mol Ecol 2006 Jul;15(8):2083-93.
    pubmed: 16780426doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02922.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  95. Orlando L, Metcalf JL, Alberdi MT, Telles-Antunes M, Bonjean D, Otte M, Martin F, Eisenmann V, Mashkour M, Morello F, Prado JL, Salas-Gismondi R, Shockey BJ, Wrinn PJ, Vasil'ev SK, Ovodov ND, Cherry MI, Hopwood B, Male D, Austin JJ, Hänni C, Cooper A. Revising the recent evolutionary history of equids using ancient DNA.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 Dec 22;106(51):21754-9.
    pmc: PMC2799835pubmed: 20007379doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903672106google scholar: lookup
  96. Orlando L, Ginolhac A, Zhang G, Froese D, Albrechtsen A, Stiller M, Schubert M, Cappellini E, Petersen B, Moltke I, Johnson PL, Fumagalli M, Vilstrup JT, Raghavan M, Korneliussen T, Malaspinas AS, Vogt J, Szklarczyk D, Kelstrup CD, Vinther J, Dolocan A, Stenderup J, Velazquez AM, Cahill J, Rasmussen M, Wang X, Min J, Zazula GD, Seguin-Orlando A, Mortensen C, Magnussen K, Thompson JF, Weinstock J, Gregersen K, Røed KH, Eisenmann V, Rubin CJ, Miller DC, Antczak DF, Bertelsen MF, Brunak S, Al-Rasheid KA, Ryder O, Andersson L, Mundy J, Krogh A, Gilbert MT, Kjær K, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Jensen LJ, Olsen JV, Hofreiter M, Nielsen R, Shapiro B, Wang J, Willerslev E. Recalibrating Equus evolution using the genome sequence of an early Middle Pleistocene horse.. Nature 2013 Jul 4;499(7456):74-8.
    pubmed: 23803765doi: 10.1038/nature12323google scholar: lookup
  97. Orlando L, Gilbert MT, Willerslev E. Reconstructing ancient genomes and epigenomes.. Nat Rev Genet 2015 Jul;16(7):395-408.
    pubmed: 26055157doi: 10.1038/nrg3935google scholar: lookup
  98. Ottoni C, Flink LG, Evin A, Geörg C, De Cupere B, Van Neer W, Bartosiewicz L, Linderholm A, Barnett R, Peters J, Decorte R, Waelkens M, Vanderheyden N, Ricaut FX, Cakirlar C, Cevik O, Hoelzel AR, Mashkour M, Karimlu AF, Seno SS, Daujat J, Brock F, Pinhasi R, Hongo H, Perez-Enciso M, Rasmussen M, Frantz L, Megens HJ, Crooijmans R, Groenen M, Arbuckle B, Benecke N, Vidarsdottir US, Burger J, Cucchi T, Dobney K, Larson G. Pig domestication and human-mediated dispersal in western Eurasia revealed through ancient DNA and geometric morphometrics.. Mol Biol Evol 2013 Apr;30(4):824-32.
    pmc: PMC3603306pubmed: 23180578doi: 10.1093/molbev/mss261google scholar: lookup
  99. Outram AK, Stear NA, Bendrey R, Olsen S, Kasparov A, Zaibert V, Thorpe N, Evershed RP. The earliest horse harnessing and milking.. Science 2009 Mar 6;323(5919):1332-5.
    pubmed: 19265018doi: 10.1126/science.1168594google scholar: lookup
  100. Owen-Smith N. Pleistocene Extinctions: The Pivotal Role of Megaherbivores. Paleobiology 13: 351–362.
  101. Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Danilova AP, Protod'jakonov AP, Stoneking M. Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts.. Hum Genet 2006 Oct;120(3):334-53.
    pubmed: 16845541doi: 10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2google scholar: lookup
  102. Park SD, Magee DA, McGettigan PA, Teasdale MD, Edwards CJ, Lohan AJ, Murphy A, Braud M, Donoghue MT, Liu Y, Chamberlain AT, Rue-Albrecht K, Schroeder S, Spillane C, Tai S, Bradley DG, Sonstegard TS, Loftus BJ, MacHugh DE. Genome sequencing of the extinct Eurasian wild aurochs, Bos primigenius, illuminates the phylogeography and evolution of cattle.. Genome Biol 2015 Oct 26;16:234.
    pmc: PMC4620651pubmed: 26498365doi: 10.1186/s13059-015-0790-2google scholar: lookup
  103. Pedersen JS, Valen E, Velazquez AM, Parker BJ, Rasmussen M, Lindgreen S, Lilje B, Tobin DJ, Kelly TK, Vang S, Andersson R, Jones PA, Hoover CA, Tikhonov A, Prokhortchouk E, Rubin EM, Sandelin A, Gilbert MT, Krogh A, Willerslev E, Orlando L. Genome-wide nucleosome map and cytosine methylation levels of an ancient human genome.. Genome Res 2014 Mar;24(3):454-66.
    pmc: PMC3941110pubmed: 24299735doi: 10.1101/gr.163592.113google scholar: lookup
  104. Petersen JL, Mickelson JR, Rendahl AK, Valberg SJ, Andersson LS, Axelsson J, Bailey E, Bannasch D, Binns MM, Borges AS, Brama P, da Câmara Machado A, Capomaccio S, Cappelli K, Cothran EG, Distl O, Fox-Clipsham L, Graves KT, Guérin G, Haase B, Hasegawa T, Hemmann K, Hill EW, Leeb T, Lindgren G, Lohi H, Lopes MS, McGivney BA, Mikko S, Orr N, Penedo MC, Piercy RJ, Raekallio M, Rieder S, Røed KH, Swinburne J, Tozaki T, Vaudin M, Wade CM, McCue ME. Genome-wide analysis reveals selection for important traits in domestic horse breeds.. PLoS Genet 2013;9(1):e1003211.
    pmc: PMC3547851pubmed: 23349635doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003211google scholar: lookup
  105. Petersen JL, Mickelson JR, Cothran EG, Andersson LS, Axelsson J, Bailey E, Bannasch D, Binns MM, Borges AS, Brama P, da Câmara Machado A, Distl O, Felicetti M, Fox-Clipsham L, Graves KT, Guérin G, Haase B, Hasegawa T, Hemmann K, Hill EW, Leeb T, Lindgren G, Lohi H, Lopes MS, McGivney BA, Mikko S, Orr N, Penedo MC, Piercy RJ, Raekallio M, Rieder S, Røed KH, Silvestrelli M, Swinburne J, Tozaki T, Vaudin M, M Wade C, McCue ME. Genetic diversity in the modern horse illustrated from genome-wide SNP data.. PLoS One 2013;8(1):e54997.
    pmc: PMC3559798pubmed: 23383025doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054997google scholar: lookup
  106. Promerová M, Andersson LS, Juras R, Penedo MC, Reissmann M, Tozaki T, Bellone R, Dunner S, Hořín P, Imsland F, Imsland P, Mikko S, Modrý D, Roed KH, Schwochow D, Vega-Pla JL, Mehrabani-Yeganeh H, Yousefi-Mashouf N, G Cothran E, Lindgren G, Andersson L. Worldwide frequency distribution of the 'Gait keeper' mutation in the DMRT3 gene.. Anim Genet 2014 Apr;45(2):274-82.
    pubmed: 24444049doi: 10.1111/age.12120google scholar: lookup
  107. Pruvost M, Bellone R, Benecke N, Sandoval-Castellanos E, Cieslak M, Kuznetsova T, Morales-Muñiz A, O'Connor T, Reissmann M, Hofreiter M, Ludwig A. Genotypes of predomestic horses match phenotypes painted in Paleolithic works of cave art.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 Nov 15;108(46):18626-30.
    pmc: PMC3219153pubmed: 22065780doi: 10.1073/pnas.1108982108google scholar: lookup
  108. Ramírez O, Burgos-Paz W, Casas E, Ballester M, Bianco E, Olalde I, Santpere G, Novella V, Gut M, Lalueza-Fox C, Saña M, Pérez-Enciso M. Genome data from a sixteenth century pig illuminate modern breed relationships.. Heredity (Edinb) 2015 Feb;114(2):175-84.
    pmc: PMC4815627pubmed: 25204303doi: 10.1038/hdy.2014.81google scholar: lookup
  109. Rasmussen M, Anzick SL, Waters MR, Skoglund P, DeGiorgio M, Stafford TW Jr, Rasmussen S, Moltke I, Albrechtsen A, Doyle SM, Poznik GD, Gudmundsdottir V, Yadav R, Malaspinas AS, White SS 5th, Allentoft ME, Cornejo OE, Tambets K, Eriksson A, Heintzman PD, Karmin M, Korneliussen TS, Meltzer DJ, Pierre TL, Stenderup J, Saag L, Warmuth VM, Lopes MC, Malhi RS, Brunak S, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Barnes I, Collins M, Orlando L, Balloux F, Manica A, Gupta R, Metspalu M, Bustamante CD, Jakobsson M, Nielsen R, Willerslev E. The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana.. Nature 2014 Feb 13;506(7487):225-9.
    pmc: PMC4878442pubmed: 24522598doi: 10.1038/nature13025google scholar: lookup
  110. Römpler H, Dear PH, Krause J, Meyer M, Rohland N, Schöneberg T, Spriggs H, Stiller M, Hofreiter M. Multiplex amplification of ancient DNA.. Nat Protoc 2006;1(2):720-8.
    pubmed: 17406302doi: 10.1038/nprot.2006.84google scholar: lookup
  111. Sandmeyer LS, Bellone RR, Archer S, Bauer BS, Nelson J, Forsyth G, Grahn BH. Congenital stationary night blindness is associated with the leopard complex in the Miniature Horse.. Vet Ophthalmol 2012 Jan;15(1):18-22.
    pubmed: 22051042doi: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00903.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  112. Der Sarkissian C, Vilstrup JT, Schubert M, Seguin-Orlando A, Eme D, Weinstock J, Alberdi MT, Martin F, Lopez PM, Prado JL, Prieto A, Douady CJ, Stafford TW, Willerslev E, Orlando L. Mitochondrial genomes reveal the extinct Hippidion as an outgroup to all living equids.. Biol Lett 2015 Mar;11(3).
    pmc: PMC4387498pubmed: 25762573doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.1058google scholar: lookup
  113. Scheu A, Powell A, Bollongino R, Vigne JD, Tresset A, Çakırlar C, Benecke N, Burger J. The genetic prehistory of domesticated cattle from their origin to the spread across Europe.. BMC Genet 2015 May 28;16:54.
    pmc: PMC4445560pubmed: 26018295doi: 10.1186/s12863-015-0203-2google scholar: lookup
  114. Schraiber JG, Evans SN, Slatkin M. Bayesian Inference of Natural Selection from Allele Frequency Time Series.. Genetics 2016 May;203(1):493-511.
    pmc: PMC4858794pubmed: 27010022doi: 10.1534/genetics.116.187278google scholar: lookup
  115. Schubert M, Jónsson H, Chang D, Der Sarkissian C, Ermini L, Ginolhac A, Albrechtsen A, Dupanloup I, Foucal A, Petersen B, Fumagalli M, Raghavan M, Seguin-Orlando A, Korneliussen TS, Velazquez AM, Stenderup J, Hoover CA, Rubin CJ, Alfarhan AH, Alquraishi SA, Al-Rasheid KA, MacHugh DE, Kalbfleisch T, MacLeod JN, Rubin EM, Sicheritz-Ponten T, Andersson L, Hofreiter M, Marques-Bonet T, Gilbert MT, Nielsen R, Excoffier L, Willerslev E, Shapiro B, Orlando L. Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014 Dec 30;111(52):E5661-9.
    pmc: PMC4284583pubmed: 25512547doi: 10.1073/pnas.1416991111google scholar: lookup
  116. Sommer R S, Benecke N, Lõugas L, Nelle O, Schmölcke U. Holocene survival of the wild horse in Europe: a matter of open landscape?. J. Quat. Sci. 26: 805–812.
  117. Sundqvist AK, Björnerfeldt S, Leonard JA, Hailer F, Hedhammar A, Ellegren H, Vilà C. Unequal contribution of sexes in the origin of dog breeds.. Genetics 2006 Feb;172(2):1121-8.
    pmc: PMC1456210pubmed: 16219789doi: 10.1534/genetics.105.042358google scholar: lookup
  118. Thalmann O, Shapiro B, Cui P, Schuenemann VJ, Sawyer SK, Greenfield DL, Germonpré MB, Sablin MV, López-Giráldez F, Domingo-Roura X, Napierala H, Uerpmann HP, Loponte DM, Acosta AA, Giemsch L, Schmitz RW, Worthington B, Buikstra JE, Druzhkova A, Graphodatsky AS, Ovodov ND, Wahlberg N, Freedman AH, Schweizer RM, Koepfli KP, Leonard JA, Meyer M, Krause J, Pääbo S, Green RE, Wayne RK. Complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient canids suggest a European origin of domestic dogs.. Science 2013 Nov 15;342(6160):871-4.
    pubmed: 24233726doi: 10.1126/science.1243650google scholar: lookup
  119. Tozaki T, Miyake T, Kakoi H, Gawahara H, Sugita S, Hasegawa T, Ishida N, Hirota K, Nakano Y. A genome-wide association study for racing performances in Thoroughbreds clarifies a candidate region near the MSTN gene.. Anim Genet 2010 Dec;41 Suppl 2:28-35.
    pubmed: 21070273doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02095.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  120. Turner TL, Hahn MW, Nuzhdin SV. Genomic islands of speciation in Anopheles gambiae.. PLoS Biol 2005 Sep;3(9):e285.
    pmc: PMC1182689pubmed: 16076241doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030285google scholar: lookup
  121. Vilà C, Leonard JA, Gotherstrom A, Marklund S, Sandberg K, Liden K, Wayne RK, Ellegren H. Widespread origins of domestic horse lineages.. Science 2001 Jan 19;291(5503):474-7.
    pubmed: 11161199doi: 10.1126/science.291.5503.474google scholar: lookup
  122. Vilstrup JT, Seguin-Orlando A, Stiller M, Ginolhac A, Raghavan M, Nielsen SC, Weinstock J, Froese D, Vasiliev SK, Ovodov ND, Clary J, Helgen KM, Fleischer RC, Cooper A, Shapiro B, Orlando L. Mitochondrial phylogenomics of modern and ancient equids.. PLoS One 2013;8(2):e55950.
    pmc: PMC3577844pubmed: 23437078doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055950google scholar: lookup
  123. Wade CM, Giulotto E, Sigurdsson S, Zoli M, Gnerre S, Imsland F, Lear TL, Adelson DL, Bailey E, Bellone RR, Blöcker H, Distl O, Edgar RC, Garber M, Leeb T, Mauceli E, MacLeod JN, Penedo MC, Raison JM, Sharpe T, Vogel J, Andersson L, Antczak DF, Biagi T, Binns MM, Chowdhary BP, Coleman SJ, Della Valle G, Fryc S, Guérin G, Hasegawa T, Hill EW, Jurka J, Kiialainen A, Lindgren G, Liu J, Magnani E, Mickelson JR, Murray J, Nergadze SG, Onofrio R, Pedroni S, Piras MF, Raudsepp T, Rocchi M, Røed KH, Ryder OA, Searle S, Skow L, Swinburne JE, Syvänen AC, Tozaki T, Valberg SJ, Vaudin M, White JR, Zody MC, Lander ES, Lindblad-Toh K. Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and population genetics of the domestic horse.. Science 2009 Nov 6;326(5954):865-7.
    pmc: PMC3785132pubmed: 19892987doi: 10.1126/science.1178158google scholar: lookup
  124. Wallner B, Vogl C, Shukla P, Burgstaller JP, Druml T, Brem G. Identification of genetic variation on the horse y chromosome and the tracing of male founder lineages in modern breeds.. PLoS One 2013;8(4):e60015.
    pmc: PMC3616054pubmed: 23573227doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060015google scholar: lookup
  125. Warinner C, Hendy J, Speller C, Cappellini E, Fischer R, Trachsel C, Arneborg J, Lynnerup N, Craig OE, Swallow DM, Fotakis A, Christensen RJ, Olsen JV, Liebert A, Montalva N, Fiddyment S, Charlton S, Mackie M, Canci A, Bouwman A, Rühli F, Gilbert MT, Collins MJ. Direct evidence of milk consumption from ancient human dental calculus.. Sci Rep 2014 Nov 27;4:7104.
    pmc: PMC4245811pubmed: 25429530doi: 10.1038/srep07104google scholar: lookup
  126. Warmuth V, Eriksson A, Bower MA, Cañon J, Cothran G, Distl O, Glowatzki-Mullis ML, Hunt H, Luís C, do Mar Oom M, Yupanqui IT, Ząbek T, Manica A. European domestic horses originated in two holocene refugia.. PLoS One 2011 Mar 30;6(3):e18194.
    pmc: PMC3068172pubmed: 21479181doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018194google scholar: lookup
  127. Warmuth V, Eriksson A, Bower MA, Barker G, Barrett E, Hanks BK, Li S, Lomitashvili D, Ochir-Goryaeva M, Sizonov GV, Soyonov V, Manica A. Reconstructing the origin and spread of horse domestication in the Eurasian steppe.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 May 22;109(21):8202-6.
    pmc: PMC3361400pubmed: 22566639doi: 10.1073/pnas.1111122109google scholar: lookup
  128. Warmuth VM, Campana MG, Eriksson A, Bower M, Barker G, Manica A. Ancient trade routes shaped the genetic structure of horses in eastern Eurasia.. Mol Ecol 2013 Nov;22(21):5340-51.
    pubmed: 24118338doi: 10.1111/mec.12491google scholar: lookup
  129. Weinstock J, Willerslev E, Sher A, Tong W, Ho SY, Rubenstein D, Storer J, Burns J, Martin L, Bravi C, Prieto A, Froese D, Scott E, Xulong L, Cooper A. Evolution, systematics, and phylogeography of pleistocene horses in the new world: a molecular perspective.. PLoS Biol 2005 Aug;3(8):e241.
    pmc: PMC1159165pubmed: 15974804doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030241google scholar: lookup
  130. Zeder MA, Emshwiller E, Smith BD, Bradley DG. Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology.. Trends Genet 2006 Mar;22(3):139-55.
    pubmed: 16458995doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.007google scholar: lookup
  131. Zeng K, Fu YX, Shi S, Wu CI. Statistical tests for detecting positive selection by utilizing high-frequency variants.. Genetics 2006 Nov;174(3):1431-9.
    pmc: PMC1667063pubmed: 16951063doi: 10.1534/genetics.106.061432google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 30 times.
  1. Dementieva N, Nikitkina E, Shcherbakov Y, Nikolaeva O, Mitrofanova O, Ryabova A, Atroshchenko M, Makhmutova O, Zaitsev A. The Genetic Diversity of Stallions of Different Breeds in Russia. Genes (Basel) 2023 Jul 24;14(7).
    doi: 10.3390/genes14071511pubmed: 37510415google scholar: lookup
  2. Capomaccio S, Ablondi M, Colombi D, Sartori C, Giontella A, Cappelli K, Mancin E, Asti V, Mantovani R, Sabbioni A, Silvestrelli M. Exploring the Italian equine gene pool via high-throughput genotyping. Front Genet 2023;14:1099896.
    doi: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1099896pubmed: 36755577google scholar: lookup
  3. Cardinali I, Giontella A, Tommasi A, Silvestrelli M, Lancioni H. Unlocking Horse Y Chromosome Diversity. Genes (Basel) 2022 Dec 2;13(12).
    doi: 10.3390/genes13122272pubmed: 36553539google scholar: lookup
  4. Yordanov G, Mehandjyiski I, Palova N, Atsenova N, Neov B, Radoslavov G, Hristov P. Genetic Diversity and Structure of the Main Danubian Horse Paternal Genealogical Lineages Based on Microsatellite Genotyping. Vet Sci 2022 Jul 1;9(7).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci9070333pubmed: 35878350google scholar: lookup
  5. Hong JH, Oh CS, Kim S, Kang IU, Shin DH. Genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA from ancient Equus caballus bones found at archaeological site of Joseon dynasty period capital area. Anim Biosci 2022 Aug;35(8):1141-1150.
    doi: 10.5713/ab.21.0500pubmed: 35240033google scholar: lookup
  6. Remer V, Bozlak E, Felkel S, Radovic L, Rigler D, Grilz-Seger G, Stefaniuk-Szmukier M, Bugno-Poniewierska M, Brooks S, Miller DC, Antczak DF, Sadeghi R, Cothran G, Juras R, Khanshour AM, Rieder S, Penedo MC, Waiditschka G, Kalinkova L, Kalashnikov VV, Zaitsev AM, Almarzook S, Reißmann M, Brockmann GA, Brem G, Wallner B. Y-Chromosomal Insights into Breeding History and Sire Line Genealogies of Arabian Horses. Genes (Basel) 2022 Jan 26;13(2).
    doi: 10.3390/genes13020229pubmed: 35205275google scholar: lookup
  7. Oleksyk TK, Wolfsberger WW, Weber AM, Shchubelka K, Oleksyk OT, Levchuk O, Patrus A, Lazar N, Castro-Marquez SO, Hasynets Y, Boldyzhar P, Neymet M, Urbanovych A, Stakhovska V, Malyar K, Chervyakova S, Podoroha O, Kovalchuk N, Rodriguez-Flores JL, Zhou W, Medley S, Battistuzzi F, Liu R, Hou Y, Chen S, Yang H, Yeager M, Dean M, Mills RE, Smolanka V. Genome diversity in Ukraine. Gigascience 2021 Jan 13;10(1).
    doi: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa159pubmed: 33438729google scholar: lookup
  8. Barrera-Redondo J, Piñero D, Eguiarte LE. Genomic, Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Tools to Study the Domestication of Plants and Animals: A Field Guide for Beginners. Front Genet 2020;11:742.
    doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00742pubmed: 32760427google scholar: lookup
  9. Funk SM, Guedaoura S, Juras R, Raziq A, Landolsi F, Luís C, Martínez AM, Musa Mayaki A, Mujica F, Oom MDM, Ouragh L, Stranger YM, Vega-Pla JL, Cothran EG. Major inconsistencies of inferred population genetic structure estimated in a large set of domestic horse breeds using microsatellites. Ecol Evol 2020 May;10(10):4261-4279.
    doi: 10.1002/ece3.6195pubmed: 32489595google scholar: lookup
  10. Weldenegodguad M, Pokharel K, Ming Y, Honkatukia M, Peippo J, Reilas T, Røed KH, Kantanen J. Genome sequence and comparative analysis of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in northern Eurasia. Sci Rep 2020 Jun 2;10(1):8980.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65487-ypubmed: 32488117google scholar: lookup
  11. Todd ET, Hamilton NA, Velie BD, Thomson PC. The effects of inbreeding on covering success, gestation length and foal sex ratio in Australian thoroughbred horses. BMC Genet 2020 Apr 8;21(1):41.
    doi: 10.1186/s12863-020-00847-1pubmed: 32268877google scholar: lookup
  12. Solé M, Ablondi M, Binzer-Panchal A, Velie BD, Hollfelder N, Buys N, Ducro BJ, François L, Janssens S, Schurink A, Viklund Å, Eriksson S, Isaksson A, Kultima H, Mikko S, Lindgren G. Inter- and intra-breed genome-wide copy number diversity in a large cohort of European equine breeds. BMC Genomics 2019 Oct 22;20(1):759.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-019-6141-zpubmed: 31640551google scholar: lookup
  13. Raudsepp T, Finno CJ, Bellone RR, Petersen JL. Ten years of the horse reference genome: insights into equine biology, domestication and population dynamics in the post-genome era. Anim Genet 2019 Dec;50(6):569-597.
    doi: 10.1111/age.12857pubmed: 31568563google scholar: lookup
  14. Orlando L, Librado P. Origin and Evolution of Deleterious Mutations in Horses. Genes (Basel) 2019 Aug 28;10(9).
    doi: 10.3390/genes10090649pubmed: 31466279google scholar: lookup
  15. Castaneda C, Juras R, Khanshour A, Randlaht I, Wallner B, Rigler D, Lindgren G, Raudsepp T, Cothran EG. Population Genetic Analysis of the Estonian Native Horse Suggests Diverse and Distinct Genetics, Ancient Origin and Contribution from Unique Patrilines. Genes (Basel) 2019 Aug 20;10(8).
    doi: 10.3390/genes10080629pubmed: 31434327google scholar: lookup
  16. Fawcett JA, Sato F, Sakamoto T, Iwasaki WM, Tozaki T, Innan H. Genome-wide SNP analysis of Japanese Thoroughbred racehorses. PLoS One 2019;14(7):e0218407.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218407pubmed: 31339891google scholar: lookup
  17. Kvist L, Niskanen M, Mannermaa K, Wutke S, Aspi J. Genetic variability and history of a native Finnish horse breed. Genet Sel Evol 2019 Jul 1;51(1):35.
    doi: 10.1186/s12711-019-0480-8pubmed: 31262246google scholar: lookup
  18. Schurink A, Shrestha M, Eriksson S, Bosse M, Bovenhuis H, Back W, Johansson AM, Ducro BJ. The Genomic Makeup of Nine Horse Populations Sampled in the Netherlands. Genes (Basel) 2019 Jun 25;10(6).
    doi: 10.3390/genes10060480pubmed: 31242710google scholar: lookup
  19. Felkel S, Vogl C, Rigler D, Dobretsberger V, Chowdhary BP, Distl O, Fries R, Jagannathan V, Janečka JE, Leeb T, Lindgren G, McCue M, Metzger J, Neuditschko M, Rattei T, Raudsepp T, Rieder S, Rubin CJ, Schaefer R, Schlötterer C, Thaller G, Tetens J, Velie B, Brem G, Wallner B. The horse Y chromosome as an informative marker for tracing sire lines. Sci Rep 2019 Apr 15;9(1):6095.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42640-wpubmed: 30988347google scholar: lookup
  20. Wang CC, Reinhold S, Kalmykov A, Wissgott A, Brandt G, Jeong C, Cheronet O, Ferry M, Harney E, Keating D, Mallick S, Rohland N, Stewardson K, Kantorovich AR, Maslov VE, Petrenko VG, Erlikh VR, Atabiev BC, Magomedov RG, Kohl PL, Alt KW, Pichler SL, Gerling C, Meller H, Vardanyan B, Yeganyan L, Rezepkin AD, Mariaschk D, Berezina N, Gresky J, Fuchs K, Knipper C, Schiffels S, Balanovska E, Balanovsky O, Mathieson I, Higham T, Berezin YB, Buzhilova A, Trifonov V, Pinhasi R, Belinskij AB, Reich D, Hansen S, Krause J, Haak W. Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions. Nat Commun 2019 Feb 4;10(1):590.
    doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8pubmed: 30713341google scholar: lookup
  21. Weldenegodguad M, Popov R, Pokharel K, Ammosov I, Ming Y, Ivanova Z, Kantanen J. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Three Native Cattle Breeds Originating From the Northernmost Cattle Farming Regions. Front Genet 2018;9:728.
    doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00728pubmed: 30687392google scholar: lookup
  22. Sakamoto T, Fawcett JA, Innan H. Evaluating the potential roles of the Gray and Extension loci in the coat coloration of Thoroughbred racing horses. J Equine Sci 2017;28(2):61-65.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.28.61pubmed: 28721125google scholar: lookup
  23. Wang S, Chen N, Capodiferro MR, Zhang T, Lancioni H, Zhang H, Miao Y, Chanthakhoun V, Wanapat M, Yindee M, Zhang Y, Lu H, Caporali L, Dang R, Huang Y, Lan X, Plath M, Chen H, Lenstra JA, Achilli A, Lei C. Whole Mitogenomes Reveal the History of Swamp Buffalo: Initially Shaped by Glacial Periods and Eventually Modelled by Domestication. Sci Rep 2017 Jul 5;7(1):4708.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04830-2pubmed: 28680070google scholar: lookup
  24. Philips A, Stolarek I, Kuczkowska B, Juras A, Handschuh L, Piontek J, Kozlowski P, Figlerowicz M. Comprehensive analysis of microorganisms accompanying human archaeological remains. Gigascience 2017 Jul 1;6(7):1-13.
    doi: 10.1093/gigascience/gix044pubmed: 28609785google scholar: lookup
  25. Jafari H, Abebe BK, Cong L, Ahmed Z, Zhaofei W, Sun M, Muhatai G, Chuzhao L, Dang R. Review: Genomic insights into the adaptive traits and stress resistance in modern horses. Stress Biol 2026 Jan 12;6(1):5.
    doi: 10.1007/s44154-025-00274-1pubmed: 41521281google scholar: lookup
  26. Wang T, Yang X, Wang C, Wang J, Meng J, Yao X, Zeng Y, Ren W. Bridging Breeds: Transcriptomic Insights into Immune Traits of Yili, Thoroughbred, and Kazakh Horses. Life (Basel) 2025 Sep 23;15(10).
    doi: 10.3390/life15101496pubmed: 41157169google scholar: lookup
  27. Kassymbekova SN, Bimenova ZZ, Iskhan KZ, Sobiech P, Jastrzebski JP, Brym P, Babis W, Kalykova AS, Otebayev ZM, Kabylbekova DI, Baneh H, Romanov MN. Uncovering Genetic Diversity and Adaptive Candidate Genes in the Mugalzhar Horse Breed Using Whole-Genome Sequencing Data. Animals (Basel) 2025 Sep 11;15(18).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15182667pubmed: 41007912google scholar: lookup
  28. Stefaniuk-Szmukier M, Szmatoła T, Ropka-Molik K. Molecular Signatures of Exercise Adaptation in Arabian Racing Horses: Transcriptomic Insights from Blood and Muscle. Genes (Basel) 2025 Apr 4;16(4).
    doi: 10.3390/genes16040431pubmed: 40282391google scholar: lookup
  29. Radovic L, Remer V, Rigler D, Bozlak E, Allen L, Brem G, Reissman M, Brockmann GA, Ropka-Molik K, Stefaniuk-Szmukier M, Kalinkova L, Kalashnikov VV, Zaitev AM, Raudsepp T, Castaneda C, von Butler-Wemken I, Patterson Rosa L, Brooks SA, Novoa-Bravo M, Kostaras N, Abdurasulov A, Antczak DF, Miller DC, Lopes MS, da Câmara Machado A, Lindgren G, Juras R, Cothran G, Wallner B. The global spread of Oriental Horses in the past 1,500 years through the lens of the Y chromosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024 Dec 3;121(49):e2414408121.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.2414408121pubmed: 39556761google scholar: lookup
  30. Chen C, Zhu B, Tang X, Chen B, Liu M, Gao N, Li S, Gu J. Genome-Wide Assessment of Runs of Homozygosity by Whole-Genome Sequencing in Diverse Horse Breeds Worldwide. Genes (Basel) 2023 Jun 1;14(6).
    doi: 10.3390/genes14061211pubmed: 37372391google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,383 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.