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PeerJ2020; 8; e9297; doi: 10.7717/peerj.9297

The metabolic profile of Asinara (albino) and Sardo donkeys (pigmented) (Equus asinus L., 1758) points to unequivocal breed assignment of individuals.

Abstract: This study pointed to explore if variations in circulating levels of metabolites in the blood stream of no. 25 feral donkeys occur in view of the different coat color between specimens of Asinara (albino, no. 8) vs. Sardo (dun-grey, no. 17) breed. All individuals involved in this investigation are living in the nature, at Mediterranean latitudes and roam in the same areas all over the National Park of Capo Caccia, where they feed on spontaneous vegetation sources. The study was conducted during the positive photoperiod of the boreal hemisphere (peak in the month of June, 2019) to maximize the effect of exposure to the natural sun radiation and thus elicit the coping ability of albino (Asinara) in comparison with pigmented donkeys (Sardo). The biochemical profile of all donkeys was used in a Discriminant Analysis (DA) to explore if circulating levels of metabolites could point to metabolic markers for breed assignment of individuals following a canonical discriminant analysis (CANDISC). The biochemical investigation included also the determination of the circulating Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol, α-TOH), as an essential biologically active compound involved in antioxidant mechanisms, and its respective status (circulating α-TOH to total triglycerides and total cholesterol ratio). In the CANDISC, the distance between the two breeds was not significant. However, it pointed to different metabolites (UREA, total protein, total triglycerides, Zn) capable of describing biochemical patterns on each respective breed (Asinara vs. Sardo). The multivariate analysis DA carried out using 22 metabolites correctly assigned individuals to the two breeds in the 100% of cases. In view of such metabolic background, circulating α-TOH found in the bloodstream of Asinara vs. Sardo donkeys under free grazing conditions turned out to reach similar values (2.114 vs. 1.872 µg/ml, respectively, = 0.676). It is worth noting that significant differences were observed as to circulating lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, = 0.022) levels, in association with increased creatine phosphokinase (CPK, = 0.076), both above the upper limit of the physiological range reported in other donkey breeds, and found in the totality of Asinara (albino) donkeys solely, still apparently clinically healthy.
© 2020 Cappai et al.
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Publication Date: 2020-07-08 PubMed ID: 32714654PubMed Central: PMC7353909DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9297Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research attempts to find a distinct metabolic marker in Asinara (albino) and Sardo (pigmented) donkeys by evaluating circulated metabolic levels. It utilizes their biochemical profiles to identify unique traits that can categorize the donkeys into their respective breeds. However, differences in these markers were not greatly significant, yet a set of certain metabolites portrayed distinctive biochemical patterns in both breeds. The research also notably identified elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase in Asinara donkeys.

Context and Objective of the Research

  • This study aims to determine if variations in circulating metabolite levels amongst 25 wild donkeys can be attributed to their different coat colors, specifically between the Asinara (albino, 8 individuals) and Sardo (dun-grey, 17 individuals) breeds.
  • The donkeys involved in the study all live in the same national park and feed on the same vegetation sources.
  • The timing of the research was also a significant factor, with the study taking place during peak sunlight exposure to capitalize on any differences in photon absorption between the albino and pigmented donkeys.

Methodology and Approach

  • The study utilizes Discriminant Analysis (DA) to explore if circulating levels of metabolites could potentially be reliable markers for classifying individuals into their respective breeds.
  • The research also involved the determination of circulating Vitamin E and its status to study its role in antioxidant mechanisms.
  • A Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CANDISC) was deployed to determine the significance of the distance between the breeds, and identify metabolites that help to distinguish the two.

Findings of the Research

  • The CANDISC did not find a significant difference between the two breeds. However, it pointed out various metabolite parameters that depicted unique biochemical patterns for each breed.
  • The multivariate DA using 22 metabolites correctly classified individuals to the two breeds in all instances.
  • The circulating alpha tocopherol (α-TOH) found in both breeds exhibited similar values.
  • Significant differences were observed in the circulating lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, associated with increased creatine phosphokinase (CPK), they were found over the physiological range in Asinara donkeys. But yet, they appeared clinically healthy.

Cite This Article

APA
Cappai MG, Dimauro C, Biggio GP, Cherchi R, Accioni F, Pudda F, Boatto G, Pinna W. (2020). The metabolic profile of Asinara (albino) and Sardo donkeys (pigmented) (Equus asinus L., 1758) points to unequivocal breed assignment of individuals. PeerJ, 8, e9297. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9297

Publication

PeerJ
ISSN: 2167-8359
NlmUniqueID: 101603425
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 8
Pages: e9297
PII: e9297

Researcher Affiliations

Cappai, Maria Grazia
  • Research Unit for Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy, Italy.
Dimauro, Corrado
  • Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
Biggio, Giovanni Paolo
  • Department of Research and Development of Equine Production, AGRIS of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia, Cagliari, Italy.
Cherchi, Raffaele
  • Department of Research and Development of Equine Production, AGRIS of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia, Cagliari, Italy.
Accioni, Francesca
  • Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
Pudda, Flavia
  • FORESTAS, Centro di recupero della Fauna Selvatica di Bonassai, Bonassai Olmedo, Italy.
Boatto, Gianpiero
  • Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
Pinna, Walter
  • Research Unit for Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Citations

This article has been cited 6 times.
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