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The outbreak of equine influenza (H3N8) in the United Kingdom in 1989: diagnostic use of an antigen capture ELISA.
Abstract: In July 1989 influenza A/equine-2 (H3N8) was isolated from a nasopharyngeal swab taken from a non-thoroughbred horse exhibiting acute clinical respiratory disease. This was the first isolation of equine influenza virus in the United Kingdom since 1981. Subsequent investigations of acute respiratory disease in horses indicated that the infection was dispersed throughout the UK. However, unlike the previous epidemic of 1979, the first horses from which the virus was isolated had been vaccinated. This outbreak of influenza provided an opportunity to evaluate an antigen capture ELISA, directed against the influenza virus nucleoprotein, as a rapid method for detecting virus in the nasopharyngeal secretions of naturally infected horses.
Publication Date: 1993-11-20 PubMed ID: 8310627DOI: 10.1136/vr.133.21.515Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
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This research discusses the incidence of equine influenza in the UK in 1989, despite vaccination, and the use of an antigen-capture ELISA test as a rapid detection method for the virus in horses.
Background of the Research
- The study was sparked in July 1989 when a non-thoroughbred horse showed acute signs of respiratory disease, following which a nasopharyngeal swab of the horse was collected and tested.
- Upon testing, the horse was found to be infected with influenza A/equine-2 (H3N8) making this the first isolation of equine influenza virus in the UK after a period of eight years, i.e., since 1981.
- This sparked an interest in further investigation of acute respiratory diseases in horses, and it was seen that the infection was actually widespread all over the UK.
Uniqueness of the 1989 Outbreak
- Contrary to the equine influenza outbreak in the UK in 1979, the horses infected in the 1989 outbreak were already vaccinated against the influenza virus.
- This was unusual, and an important aspect of the research, because effectively vaccinated horses should essentially not contract the disease, signifying that there may have had been a mutation in the equine influenza virus or there were lapses in the vaccination procedure, coverage, or immunity granted by the vaccine.
Use of Antigen Capture ELISA in Diagnostics
- This unexpected outbreak provided an opportunity to implement and evaluate an antigen capture ELISA, a rapid method for detecting the influenza virus in horses.
- The ELISA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, is a test that detects and measures antibodies in your blood. In this research, the test was used to identify the influenza virus by aiming it against the influenza virus nucleoprotein.
- By using this diagnostic method it was possible to rapidly detect the presence of the virus in the nasopharyngeal secretions of naturally infected horses.
Cite This Article
APA
Livesay GJ, O'Neill T, Hannant D, Yadav MP, Mumford JA.
(1993).
The outbreak of equine influenza (H3N8) in the United Kingdom in 1989: diagnostic use of an antigen capture ELISA.
Vet Rec, 133(21), 515-519.
https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.133.21.515 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / analysis
- Antigens, Viral / immunology
- Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary
- Female
- Horse Diseases / epidemiology
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horses
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype
- Influenza A virus / immunology
- Male
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- United Kingdom / epidemiology
Citations
This article has been cited 13 times.- Rozario C, Martínez-Sobrido L, McSorley HJ, Chauché C. Could Interleukin-33 (IL-33) Govern the Outcome of an Equine Influenza Virus Infection? Learning from Other Species. Viruses 2021 Dec 15;13(12).
- Chambers TM. Equine Influenza. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2022 Jan 4;12(1).
- Cullinane A, Gahan J, Walsh C, Nemoto M, Entenfellner J, Olguin-Perglione C, Garvey M, Huang Fu TQ, Venner M, Yamanaka T, Barrandeguy M, Fernandez CJ. Evaluation of Current Equine Influenza Vaccination Protocols Prior to Shipment, Guided by OIE Standards. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Feb 29;8(1).
- Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
- Rash A, Morton R, Woodward A, Maes O, McCauley J, Bryant N, Elton D. Evolution and Divergence of H3N8 Equine Influenza Viruses Circulating in the United Kingdom from 2013 to 2015. Pathogens 2017 Feb 8;6(1).
- Meseko CA, Ehizibolo DO, Nwokike EC, Wungak YS. Serological evidence of equine influenza virus in horse stables in Kaduna, Nigeria. J Equine Sci 2016;27(3):99-105.
- Rash A, Woodward A, Bryant N, McCauley J, Elton D. An efficient genome sequencing method for equine influenza [H3N8] virus reveals a new polymorphism in the PA-X protein. Virol J 2014 Sep 2;11:159.
- Gildea S, Fitzpatrick DA, Cullinane A. Epidemiological and virological investigations of equine influenza outbreaks in Ireland (2010-2012). Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013 Dec;7 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):61-72.
- Murcia PR, Wood JL, Holmes EC. Genome-scale evolution and phylodynamics of equine H3N8 influenza A virus. J Virol 2011 Jun;85(11):5312-22.
- Cullinane A, Elton D, Mumford J. Equine influenza - surveillance and control. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2010 Nov;4(6):339-44.
- Holmes RS, Cox LA, Vandeberg JL. Horse carboxylesterases: evidence for six CES1 and four families of CES genes on chromosome 3. Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2009 Mar;4(1):54-65.
- Koelle K, Khatri P, Kamradt M, Kepler TB. A two-tiered model for simulating the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of rapidly evolving viruses, with an application to influenza. J R Soc Interface 2010 Sep 6;7(50):1257-74.
- Sutton GA, Viel L, Carman PS, Boag BL. Study of the duration and distribution of equine influenza virus subtype 2 (H3N8) antigens in experimentally infected ponies in vivo. Can J Vet Res 1997 Apr;61(2):113-20.
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