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Home / Equine Research Bank / Antibiotics (Basel) / The Prevalence and Molecular Biology of Staphylococcus aureu...
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2022; 11(2); doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11020221

The Prevalence and Molecular Biology of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Healthy and Diseased Equine Eyes in Egypt.

Abstract: This work aimed to characterize S. aureus isolates from the eyes of healthy and clinically affected equines in the Kafrelsheikh Governorate, Egypt. A total of 110 animals were examined for the presence of S. aureus, which was isolated from 33 animals with ophthalmic lesions and 77 healthy animals. We also investigated the antimicrobial resistance profile, oxacillin resistance mechanism, and the major virulence factors implicated in many studies of the ocular pathology of pathogenic S. aureus. The association between S. aureus eye infections and potential risk factors was also investigated. The frequency of S. aureus isolates from clinically affected equine eyes was significantly higher than in clinically healthy equids. A significant association was found between the frequency of S. aureus isolation from clinically affected equine eyes and risk factors including age and season but not with sex or breed factors. Antimicrobial resistance to common antibiotics used to treat equine eyes was also tested. Overall, the isolates showed the highest sensitivity to sulfamethoxazole (100%) and the highest resistance to cephalosporin (90.67%) and oxacillin (90.48%). PCR was used to demonstrate that mecA was present in 100% of oxacillin- and β-lactam-resistant S. aureus strains. The virulence factor genes Spa (x region), nuc, and hlg were identified in 62.5%, 100%, and 56%, of isolates, respectively, from clinically affected equines eyes. The severity of the eye lesions increased in the presence of γ-toxin-positive S. aureus. The phylogenetic tree of the Spa (x region) gene indicated a relationship with human reference strains isolated from Egypt as well as isolates from equines in Iran and Japan. This study provides insight into the prevalence, potential risk factors, clinical pictures, zoonotic potential, antimicrobial resistance, and β-lactam resistance mechanism of S. aureus strains that cause eye infection in equines from Egypt.
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Publication Date: 2022-02-10 PubMed ID: 35203823PubMed Central: PMC8868267DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020221Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article involves a study of Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium that was isolated from the eyes of both healthy and diseased horses in the Kafrelsheikh Governorate, Egypt. The study reveals significant details about the bacterium’s prevalence, its antimicrobial resistance profiles, the mechanism of its resistance to oxacillin – a type of antibiotic, its major virulence factors, and the impact of risk factors on equine eye infections.

Study Methodology

  • The researchers examined a total of 110 horses, some with eye infections and others who were healthy.
  • Microbiological analysis allowed for the isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus from the eyes of these horses.
  • The effects of risk factors such as age and seasonality on eye infections were also studied, while sex and breed factors were found to be insignificant.
  • Testing was performed to gauge the bacterium’s antimicrobial resistance to commonly used antibiotics in treating equine eye conditions.

Source of Bacterial Resistance

  • The study discovered that the bacterium showed significant resistance to commonly used antibiotics such as cephalosporin and oxacillin – with resistance rates of 90.67% and 90.48% respectively.
  • The mechanism of oxacillin resistance in the bacterium was traced to an enzyme known as β-lactamase, as confirmed by PCR testing.

Role of Virulence Factors

  • A significant aspect of the research was the examination of virulence factors – elements that enhance the bacterium’s ability to infect its host.
  • Three virulence genes – x region, eta, and gamma-toxin – were identified in significant proportions of the pathogenic bacterial isolates from clinically infected horse’s eyes.
  • For instance, the gamma-toxin gene was found in 62.5% of the isolates and was linked to increased severity of eye lesions in horses.

Zoonotic Potential and Genetic Relationships

  • The research also indicated a potential for zoonotic transmission (i.e., the ability for the bacterium to spread from animals to humans), as evidenced by a phylogenetic analysis.
  • The genetic sequence of the x region gene in the isolated bacterial strains showed similarities with human strains from Egypt as well as horse strains from Iran and Japan.

Overall, this study contributes to an understanding of the prevalence and nature of Staphylococcus aureus infections in horses. It provides deeper insights into antibiotic resistance mechanisms, enabling more informed choices about antibiotic therapy in the equine veterinary context, and highlights the potential for zoonotic transmission.

Cite This Article

APA
Tahoun A, Elnafarawy HK, El-Sharkawy H, Rizk AM, Alorabi M, El-Shehawi AM, Youssef MA, Ibrahim HMM, El-Khodery S. (2022). The Prevalence and Molecular Biology of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Healthy and Diseased Equine Eyes in Egypt. Antibiotics (Basel), 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020221

Publication

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2079-6382
NlmUniqueID: 101637404
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 2

Researcher Affiliations

Tahoun, Amin
  • Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelshkh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt.
Elnafarawy, Helmy K
  • Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
El-Sharkawy, Hanem
  • Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt.
Rizk, Amira M
  • Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt.
Alorabi, Mohammed
  • Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
El-Shehawi, Ahmed M
  • Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
Youssef, Mohamed A
  • Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
Ibrahim, Hussam M M
  • Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
El-Khodery, Sabry
  • Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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