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Brain structure & function2021; 227(4); 1195-1225; doi: 10.1007/s00429-021-02392-8

The primary visual cortex of Cetartiodactyls: organization, cytoarchitectonics and comparison with perissodactyls and primates.

Abstract: Cetartiodactyls include terrestrial and marine species, all generally endowed with a comparatively lateral position of their eyes and a relatively limited binocular field of vision. To this day, our understanding of the visual system in mammals beyond the few studied animal models remains limited. In the present study, we examined the primary visual cortex of Cetartiodactyls that live on land (sheep, Père David deer, giraffe); in the sea (bottlenose dolphin, Risso's dolphin, long-finned pilot whale, Cuvier's beaked whale, sperm whale and fin whale); or in an amphibious environment (hippopotamus). We also sampled and studied the visual cortex of the horse (a closely related perissodactyl) and two primates (chimpanzee and pig-tailed macaque) for comparison. Our histochemical and immunohistochemical results indicate that the visual cortex of Cetartiodactyls is characterized by a peculiar organization, structure, and complexity of the cortical column. We noted a general lesser lamination compared to simians, with diminished density, and an apparent simplification of the intra- and extra-columnar connections. The presence and distribution of calcium-binding proteins indicated a notable absence of parvalbumin in water species and a strong reduction of layer 4, usually enlarged in the striated cortex, seemingly replaced by a more diffuse distribution in neighboring layers. Consequently, thalamo-cortical inputs are apparently directed to the higher layers of the column. Computer analyses and statistical evaluation of the data confirmed the results and indicated a substantial correlation between eye placement and cortical structure, with a markedly segregated pattern in cetaceans compared to other mammals. Furthermore, cetacean species showed several types of cortical lamination which may reflect differences in function, possibly related to depth of foraging and consequent progressive disappearance of light, and increased importance of echolocation.
© 2021. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2021-10-03 PubMed ID: 34604923PubMed Central: PMC9046356DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02392-8Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates the structure and layout of primary visual cortex in Cetartiodactyls, a group of animals including sheep, giraffes, deer, and some aquatic species like dolphins and whales, alongside comparisons with horses and primates. The findings suggest significant differences in organization, layering density, and intra- and extra-columnar connections, potentially correlated with the positioning of eyes in these animals and reflective of their diverse environmental needs.

Study Animals and Methods

  • The research focused on Cetartiodactyl animals that either reside on land (like sheep, Père David deer, and giraffe), in the sea (including bottlenose dolphin, Risso’s dolphin, long-finned pilot whale, Cuvier’s beaked whale, sperm whale, and fin whale), or in amphibious environments (such as the hippopotamus).
  • For comparative purposes, the visual cortex of the horse (a closely related perissodactyl) and two primates (the chimpanzee and pig-tailed macaque) were also examined.
  • Methods used to analyze the collected samples included histochemical and immunohistochemical procedures, with further data analysis supported by computer-based statistical evaluations.

Findings and Implications

  • The results showed that the visual cortex of Cetartiodactyls had distinctive organization, structure, and complexity.
  • Less lamination was observed compared to simians, along with diminished density, indicating a possible reduction in intra- and extra-columnar connections.
  • In terms of calcium-binding protein distribution, there was an apparent absence of parvalbumin in aquatic species.
  • There was also a significant reduction of layer 4 in the cortex, which is typically enlarged in the striate cortex. Instead, a diffused distribution was observed in nearby layers, suggesting thalamo-cortical inputs were directed to the higher layers of the column.
  • The data seemed to show a correlation between the position of eyes and cortical structure, with cetaceans (aquatic mammals) displaying distinctly different patterns compared to other mammals.
  • Additionally, variations in cortical lamination among cetacean species could reflect differing functions, potentially driven by environmental factors such as foraging depth, light availability, and the prominence of echolocation.

Cite This Article

APA
Graïc JM, Peruffo A, Corain L, Finos L, Grisan E, Cozzi B. (2021). The primary visual cortex of Cetartiodactyls: organization, cytoarchitectonics and comparison with perissodactyls and primates. Brain Struct Funct, 227(4), 1195-1225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-021-02392-8

Publication

Brain structure & function
ISSN: 1863-2661
NlmUniqueID: 101282001
Country: Germany
Language: English
Volume: 227
Issue: 4
Pages: 1195-1225

Researcher Affiliations

Graïc, Jean-Marie
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro, 35020, Padova, PD, Italy. jeanmarie.graic@unipd.it.
Peruffo, Antonella
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro, 35020, Padova, PD, Italy.
Corain, Livio
  • Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Finos, Livio
  • Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Grisan, Enrico
  • Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
  • School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London, SE1 0AA, UK.
Cozzi, Bruno
  • Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro, 35020, Padova, PD, Italy.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Bottle-Nosed Dolphin
  • Cetacea
  • Deer
  • Horses
  • Primary Visual Cortex
  • Primates
  • Sheep

Grant Funding

  • 2015Y5W9YP / Universitu00e0 degli Studi di Padova

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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