FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(3); doi: 10.3390/ani11030793

The Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma for Treatment of Tenodesmic Lesions in Horses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Experimental Data.

Abstract: The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to enhance tenodesmic lesion healing has been questioned over the years. The aim of this study was to evaluate current literature to establish the effectiveness of PRP for treating tenodesmic lesions through a systematic review, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, and a meta-analysis. Studies comparing PRP with placebo or other treatments for horses with tenodesmic injuries or evaluated PRP effect on tendon and ligament explants were included. Outcomes were clinical, ultrasound, histologic, molecular evaluation, and adverse effects. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed each study's risk of bias. Treatment effects were evaluated using risk ratios for dichotomous data, together with 95% CI. Data were pooled using the random-effects model. The quality of the evidence for each outcome was assessed using GRADE criteria. Twenty-four trials met inclusion criteria for systematic review, while fifteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Results showed no significant differences in the outcomes between PRP and control groups. Finally, there is no definitive evidence that PRP enhances tendons and ligaments healing. Therefore, there is a need for more controlled trials to draw a firmer conclusion about the efficacy of PRP as a treatment for tenodesmic lesions in the horse.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-03-12 PubMed ID: 33809227PubMed Central: PMC7998797DOI: 10.3390/ani11030793Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment for healing tenodesmic lesions in horses, by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of available literature and data. The results indicate no significant differences between outcomes of PRP-treated cases and control groups, hence it concludes that there is no conclusive evidence supporting PRP’s effect on tendon and ligament healing in horses.

Selection of Studies for Review

  • The studies chosen for review were those that compared PRP treatment with either a placebo or other treatments for tenodesmic injuries in horses, or those that evaluated the effect of PRP on tendon and ligament explants.
  • The outcomes from these studies were assessed based on clinical results, ultrasound findings, histologic evaluations, molecular evaluations, and observed adverse effects.

Data Extraction and Assessment

  • Two authors independently extracted the relevant data from the studies and assessed each study for potential bias.
  • The treatment effects were evaluated using risk ratios for dichotomous data, assessed along with a 95% confidence interval.
  • The data extracted from these studies were pooled using the random effects model.

Quality of Evidence

  • The GRADE criteria was used to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome in the studies reviewed.

Results and Conclusion

  • Out of twenty four trials that met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review, fifteen were included in the meta-analysis.
  • The results showed no significant differences in the outcomes between the PRP treated groups and control groups.
  • Based on the findings, the authors concluded that there isn’t definitive evidence to confirm that PRP enhances the healing of tendons and ligaments.
  • The authors recommend that more controlled trials are needed in order to arrive at a more conclusive opinion about the efficacy of PRP as a treatment for tenodesmic lesions in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Montano C, Auletta L, Greco A, Costanza D, Coluccia P, Del Prete C, Meomartino L, Pasolini MP. (2021). The Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma for Treatment of Tenodesmic Lesions in Horses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Experimental Data. Animals (Basel), 11(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030793

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 3

Researcher Affiliations

Montano, Chiara
  • Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
Auletta, Luigi
  • Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council (IBB CNR), Via T. De Amicis 95, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
Greco, Adelaide
  • Interdepartmental Centre of Veterinary Radiology, University of Napoli "Federico II", Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
Costanza, Dario
  • Interdepartmental Centre of Veterinary Radiology, University of Napoli "Federico II", Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
Coluccia, Pierpaolo
  • Interdepartmental Centre of Veterinary Radiology, University of Napoli "Federico II", Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
Del Prete, Chiara
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
Meomartino, Leonardo
  • Interdepartmental Centre of Veterinary Radiology, University of Napoli "Federico II", Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
Pasolini, Maria Pia
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli "Federico II", Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 74 references
  1. Clegg P.D.. Musculoskeletal disease and injury, now and in the future. Part 2: Tendon and ligament injuries.. Equine Vet. J. 2012;44:371–375.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00563.xpubmed: 22486548google scholar: lookup
  2. Trump M., Fürst A., Theiss F.. A Retrospective Study of the Prevalence of Injuries to the Suspensory Ligament, Digital Flexor Tendons and Associated Structures in a Non-Racehorse Referral-Hospital Population.. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Zurich; Zurich, Switzerland: 2014.
  3. Bonilla-Gutiérrez A.F., López C., Carmona J.U.. Regenerative Therapies for the Treatment of Tenodesmic Injuries in Horses.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2019;73:139–147.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.12.010google scholar: lookup
  4. Crevier-Denoix N., Collobert C., Pourcelot P., Denoix J.M., Sanaa M., Geiger D., Bernard N., Ribot X., Bortolussi C., Bousseau B.. Mechanical properties of pathological equine superficial digital flexor tendons.. Equine Vet. J. Suppl. 1997;23:23–26.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb05046.xpubmed: 9354282google scholar: lookup
  5. Palmer S.E., Genovese R., Longo K.L., Goodman N., Dyson S.. Practical management of superficial digital flexor tendinitis in the performance horse.. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 1994;10:425–481.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30363-2pubmed: 7987725google scholar: lookup
  6. Dyson S.J.. Medical management of superficial digital flexor tendonitis: A comparative study in 219 horses (1992–2000). Equine Vet. J. 2004;36:415–419.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044868422pubmed: 15253082google scholar: lookup
  7. Lam K.H., Parkin T.D.H., Riggs C.M., Morgan K.L.. Descriptive analysis of retirement of Thoroughbred racehorses due to tendon injuries at the Hong Kong Jockey Club (1992–2004). Equine Vet. J. 2007;39:143–148.
    doi: 10.2746/042516407X159132pubmed: 17378443google scholar: lookup
  8. Reef V.B.. Superficial digital flexor tendon healing: Ultrasonographic evaluation of therapies.. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2001;17:159–178.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30081-0pubmed: 11488042google scholar: lookup
  9. Guercio A., Di Marco P., Casella S., Russotto L., Puglisi F., Majolino C., Giudice E., Di Bella S., Purpari G., Cannella V.. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from subcutaneous fat and platelet-rich plasma used in athletic horses with lameness of the superficial digital flexor tendon.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2015;35:19–26.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.10.006google scholar: lookup
  10. Woo S.L.Y., Hildebrand K., Watanabe N., Fenwick J.A., Papageorgiou C.D., Wang J.H.C.. Tissue engineering of ligament and tendon healing.. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1999:312–323.
    doi: 10.1097/00003086-199910001-00030pubmed: 10546655google scholar: lookup
  11. Fortier L.A., Smith R.K.W.. Regenerative Medicine for Tendinous and Ligamentous Injuries of Sport Horses.. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2008;24:191–201.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.11.002pubmed: 18314043google scholar: lookup
  12. Nixon A.J., Dahlgren L.A., Haupt J.L., Yeager A.E., Ward D.L.. With Collagenase-Induced Tendinitis.. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2008;69:928–937.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.7.928pubmed: 18593247google scholar: lookup
  13. Barreira A.P.B., Alves A.L., Salto M.E., Arnorint R.L., Kohayagawa A., Menarim B.C., Mota L.S.. Autologous implant of bone marrow mononuclear cells as treatment of induced equine tendinitis.. Int. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 2008;6:46–54.
  14. Textor J.. Autologous Biologic Treatment for Equine Musculoskeletal Injuries: Platelet-Rich Plasma and IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Protein.. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2011;27:275–298.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2011.05.001pubmed: 21872759google scholar: lookup
  15. Brossi P.M., Moreira J.J., Machado T.S.L., Baccarin R.Y.A.. Platelet-rich plasma in orthopedic therapy: A comparative systematic review of clinical and experimental data in equine and human musculoskeletal lesions.. BMC Vet. Res. 2015;11:1–17.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0403-zpmc: PMC4449579pubmed: 25896610google scholar: lookup
  16. Ortved K.F.. Regenerative Medicine and Rehabilitation for Tendinous and Ligamentous Injuries in Sport Horses.. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2018;34:359–373.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.04.012pubmed: 29803299google scholar: lookup
  17. Im G.-I., Kim T.-K.. Stem Cells for the Regeneration of Tendon and Ligament: A Perspective.. Int. J. Stem Cells. 2020;13:335–341.
    doi: 10.15283/ijsc20091pmc: PMC7691853pubmed: 33122471google scholar: lookup
  18. Anitua E., Andia I., Ardanza B., Nurden P., Nurden A.T.. Autologous platelets as a source of proteins for healing and tissue regeneration.. Thromb. Haemost. 2004;91:4–15.
    doi: 10.1160/TH03-07-0440pubmed: 14691563google scholar: lookup
  19. Blair P., Flaumenhaft R.. Platelet α-granules: Basic biology and clinical correlates.. Blood Rev. 2009;23:177–189.
    doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2009.04.001pmc: PMC2720568pubmed: 19450911google scholar: lookup
  20. Alsousou J., Thompson M., Hulley P., Noble A., Willett K.. The biology of platelet-rich plasma and its application in trauma and orthopaedic surgery: A review of the literature.. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Ser. B. 2009;91:987–996.
    doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.91B8.22546pubmed: 19651823google scholar: lookup
  21. Chen Z., Wu Y., Turxun N., Shen Y., Zhang X.. Efficacy and safety of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of severe burns.. Medicine. 2020;99:e23001.
    doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000023001pmc: PMC7647582pubmed: 33157943google scholar: lookup
  22. De Vos R.J., Van Veldhoven P.L.J., Moen M.H., Weir A., Tol J.L., Maffulli N.. Autologous growth factor injections in chronic tendinopathy: A systematic review.. Br. Med. Bull. 2010;95:63–77.
    doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldq006pubmed: 20197290google scholar: lookup
  23. Geburek F., Stadler P.. Regenerative therapie von sehnen-Und banderkrankungen bei pferden: Ergebnisse der behandlung mit stammzellen, blutprodukten, gerüstsubstanzen und wachstumsfaktoren—Eine literaturübersicht und metaanalyse.. Pferdeheilkunde. 2011;27:609–625.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20110606google scholar: lookup
  24. Sheth U., Simunovic N., Klein G., Fu F., Einhorn T.A., Schemitsch E., Ayeni O.R., Bhandari M.. Efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma use for orthopaedic indications: A meta-analysis.. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Ser. A. 2012;94:298–307.
    doi: 10.2106/JBJS.K.00154pubmed: 22241606google scholar: lookup
  25. Andia I., Latorre P.M., Gomez M.C., Burgos-Alonso N., Abate M., Maffulli N.. Platelet-rich plasma in the conservative treatment of painful tendinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies.. Br. Med. Bull. 2014;110:99–115.
    doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldu007pubmed: 24795364google scholar: lookup
  26. Franchini M., Cruciani M., Mengoli C., Marano G., Pupella S., Veropalumbo E., Masiello F., Pati I., Vaglio S., Liumbruno G.M.. Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma as conservative treatment in orthopaedics: A systematic review and meta-analysis.. Blood Transfus. 2018;16:502–513.
    doi: 10.2450/2018.0111-18pmc: PMC6214820pubmed: 30201082google scholar: lookup
  27. Nauwelaers A.K., Van Oost L., Peers K.. Evidence for the use of PRP in chronic midsubstance Achilles tendinopathy: A systematic review with meta-analysis.. Foot Ankle Surg. 2020.
    doi: 10.1016/j.fas.2020.07.009pubmed: 32798020google scholar: lookup
  28. Allet J.Z.L.. How Effective are Injections of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) for the Treatment of Sports Injuries: A Critical Review of the Literature.. J. Sports Med. Doping Stud. 2012;2.
    doi: 10.4172/2161-0673.S2-003google scholar: lookup
  29. Moraes V.Y., Lenza M., Tamaoki M.J., Faloppa F., Belloti J.C.. Platelet rich therapies for musculoskeletal soft-tissue injuries.. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012.
    doi: 10.1002/14651858.cd010071pmc: PMC6464921pubmed: 24782334google scholar: lookup
  30. Bosch G., Van Schie H.T.M., De Groot M.W., Cadby J.A., Van De Lest C.H.A., Barneveld A., Van Weeren P.R.. Effects of platelet-rich plasma on the quality of repair of mechanically induced core lesions in equine superficial digital flexor tendons: A placebo-controlled experimental study.. J. Orthop. Res. 2010;28:211–217.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.20980pubmed: 19714688google scholar: lookup
  31. McCarrel T.M., Minas T., Fortier L.A.. Optimization of leukocyte concentration in platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of tendinopathy.. J. Bone Jt. Surg. Ser. A. 2012;94:e143.
    doi: 10.2106/JBJS.L.00019pubmed: 23032594google scholar: lookup
  32. Ribitsch I., Baptista P.M., Lange-Consiglio A., Melotti L., Patruno M., Jenner F., Schnabl-Feichter E., Dutton L.C., Connolly D.J., van Steenbeek F.G.. Large Animal Models in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering: To Do or Not to Do.. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2020;8:1–28.
    doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00972pmc: PMC7438731pubmed: 32903631google scholar: lookup
  33. Moher D., Liberati A., Tetzlaff J., Altman D.G.. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement.. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000097.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097pmc: PMC2707599pubmed: 19621072google scholar: lookup
  34. Deeks J.J., Higgins J.P., Altman D.G.. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; Chichester, UK: 2019. Analysing Data and Undertaking Meta-Analyses; pp. 243–296.
  35. Garrett K.S., Bramlage L.R., Spike-Pierce D.L., Cohen N.D.. Injection of platelet- and leukocyte-rich plasma at the junction of the proximal sesamoid bone and the suspensory ligament branch for treatment of yearling thoroughbreds with proximal sesamoid bone inflammation and associated suspensory ligament branch de.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2013;243:120–125.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.243.1.120pubmed: 23786200google scholar: lookup
  36. Geburek F., Gaus M., van Schie H.T.M., Rohn K., Stadler P.M.. Effect of intralesional platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment on clinical and ultrasonographic parameters in equine naturally occurring superficial digital flexor tendinopathies—A randomized prospective controlled clinical trial.. BMC Vet. Res. 2016;12:1–16.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0826-1pmc: PMC5015224pubmed: 27604193google scholar: lookup
  37. Boswell S.G., Schnabel L.V., Mohammed H.O., Sundman E.A., Minas T., Fortier L.A.. Increasing platelet concentrations in leukocyte-reduced platelet-rich plasma decrease collagen gene synthesis in tendons.. Am. J. Sports Med. 2014;42:42–49.
    doi: 10.1177/0363546513507566pubmed: 24136860google scholar: lookup
  38. McCarrel T., Fortier L.. Temporal growth factor release from platelet-rich plasma, trehalose lyophilized platelets, and bone marrow aspirate and their effect on tendon and ligament gene expression.. J. Orthop. Res. 2009;27:1033–1042.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.20853pubmed: 19170097google scholar: lookup
  39. Schnabel L.V., Mohammed H.O., Miller B.J., McDermott W.G., Jacobson M.S., Santangelo K.S., Fortier L.A.. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) enhances anabolic gene expression patterns in flexor digitorum superficialis tendons.. J. Orthop. Res. 2007;25:230–240.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.20278pubmed: 17106885google scholar: lookup
  40. Schnabel L.V., Mohammed H.O., Jacobson M.S., Fortier L.A.. Effects of platelet rich plasma and acellular bone marrow on gene expression patterns and DNA content of equine suspensory ligament explant cultures.. Equine Vet. J. 2008;40:260–265.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408X278030pubmed: 18267879google scholar: lookup
  41. Smith J.J., Ross M.W., Smith R.K.W.. Anabolic effects of acellular bone marrow, platelet rich plasma, and serum on equine suspensory ligament fibroblasts in vitro.. Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol. 2006;19:43–47.
    pubmed: 16594543
  42. Arguelles D., Carmona J.U., Climent F., Munoz E., Prades M.. Autologous platelet concentrates as a treatment for musculoskeletal lesions in five horses.. Vet. Rec. 2008;162:208–211.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.162.7.208pubmed: 18281627google scholar: lookup
  43. Bazzano M., Piccione G., Giannetto C., Tosto F., Di Pietro S., Giudice E.. Platelet Rich Plasma Intralesional Injection as Bedside Therapy for Tendinitis in Athletic Horse.. Acta Sci. Vet. 2013;41:1–7.
  44. Bosch G., Moleman M., Barneveld A., van Weeren P.R., van Schie H.T.M.. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on the neovascularization of surgically created equine superficial digital flexor tendon lesions.. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport. 2011;21:554–561.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01070.xpubmed: 20459479google scholar: lookup
  45. Bosch G., René van Weeren P., Barneveld A., van Schie H.T.M.. Computerised analysis of standardised ultrasonographic images to monitor the repair of surgically created core lesions in equine superficial digital flexor tendons following treatment with intratendinous platelet rich plasma or placebo.. Vet. J. 2011;187:92–98.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.014pubmed: 19932036google scholar: lookup
  46. Castelijns G., Crawford A., Schaffer J., Ortolano G.A., Beauregard T., Smith R.K.W.. Evaluation of a filter-prepared platelet concentrate for the treatment of suspensory branch injuries in horses.. Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol. 2011;24:363–369.
    doi: 10.3415/VCOT-11-01-0001pubmed: 21887455google scholar: lookup
  47. Estrada R.J., Van Weeren R., Van De Lest C.H.A., Boere J., Reyes M., Lonita J.C., Estrada M., Lischer C.J.. Effects of Autologous Conditioned Plasma® (ACP) on the healing of surgically induced core lesions in equine superficial digital flexor tendon.. Pferdeheilkunde. 2014;30:633–642.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20140602pubmed: 25078543google scholar: lookup
  48. Maia L., de Souza M.V., Ribeiro Júnior J.I., de Oliveira A.C., Alves G.E.S., dos Anjos Benjamin L., Silva Y.F.R.S., Zandim B.M., Moreira J.d.C.L.. Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Induced Tendinopathy in Horses: Histologic Evaluation.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2009;29:618–626.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2009.07.001google scholar: lookup
  49. Georg R., Maria C., Gisela A., Bianca C.. Autologous conditioned plasma as therapy of tendon and ligament lesions in seven horses.. J. Vet. Sci. 2010;11:173–175.
    doi: 10.4142/jvs.2010.11.2.173pmc: PMC2873820pubmed: 20458161google scholar: lookup
  50. Romagnoli N., Rinnovati R., Ricciardi G., Lambertini C., Spinella G., Spadari A.. Clinical Evaluation of Intralesional Injection of Platelet-Rich Plasma for the Treatment of Proximal Suspensory Ligament Desmitis in Horses.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2015;35:141–146.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.12.011google scholar: lookup
  51. Romero A., Barrachina L., Ranera B., Remacha A.R., Moreno B., de Blas I., Sanz A., Vázquez F.J., Vitoria A., Junquera C.. Comparison of autologous bone marrow and adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells, and platelet rich plasma, for treating surgically induced lesions of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon.. Vet. J. 2017;224:76–84.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.04.005pubmed: 28697880google scholar: lookup
  52. Scala M., Lenarduzzi S., Spagnolo F., Trapasso M., Ottonello C., Muraglia A., Barla A., Strada P.. Regenerative medicine for the treatment of teno-desmic injuries of the equine. A series of 150 horses treated with platelet-derived growth factors.. In Vivo. 2014;28:1119–1124.
    pubmed: 25398809
  53. Spadari A., Ricciardi G., Rinnovati R., Romagnoli N.. Single Injection of Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) in Suspensory Ligament Lesions in Horses: A Clinical Trial.. European Society of Veterinary Orthopaedics and Traumatology; Cremona, Italy: 2011.
  54. Waselau M., Sutter W.W., Genovese R.L., Bertone A.L.. Intralesional injection of platelet-rich plasma followed by controlled exercise for treatment of midbody suspensory ligament desmitis in Standardbred racehorses.. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2008;232:1515–1520.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.232.10.1515pubmed: 18479242google scholar: lookup
  55. Zuffova K., Krisova S., Zert Z.. Platelet rich plasma treatment of superficial digital flexor tendon lesions in racing Thoroughbreds.. Vet. Med. 2013;58:230–239.
    doi: 10.17221/6761-VETMEDgoogle scholar: lookup
  56. Zhang J., Middleton K.K., Fu F.H., Im H.J., Wang J.H.C.. HGF Mediates the Anti-inflammatory Effects of PRP on Injured Tendons.. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e67303.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067303pmc: PMC3696073pubmed: 23840657google scholar: lookup
  57. Lacci K.M., Dardik A.. Platelet-rich plasma: Support for its use in wound healing.. Yale J. Biol. Med. 2010;83:1–9.
    pmc: PMC2844688pubmed: 20351977
  58. Thomopoulos S., Zaegel M., Das R., Harwood F.L., Silva M.J., Amiel D., Sakiyama-Elbert S., Gelberman R.H.. PDGF-BB released in tendon repair using a novel delivery system promotes cell proliferation and collagen remodeling.. J. Orthop. Res. 2007;25:1358–1368.
    doi: 10.1002/jor.20444pubmed: 17551975google scholar: lookup
  59. Anitua E., Andía I., Sanchez M., Azofra J., del Mar Zalduendo M., de la Fuente M., Nurden P., Nurden A.T.. Autologous preparations rich in growth factors promote proliferation and induce VEGF and HGF production by human tendon cells in culture.. J. Orthop. Res. 2005;23:281–286.
    doi: 10.1016/j.orthres.2004.08.015pubmed: 15779147google scholar: lookup
  60. Kajikawa Y., Morihara T., Sakamoto H., Matsuda K.I., Oshima Y., Yoshida A., Nagae M., Arai Y., Kawata M., Kubo T.. Platelet-rich plasma enhances the initial mobilization of circulation-derived cells for tendon healing.. J. Cell. Physiol. 2008;215:837–845.
    doi: 10.1002/jcp.21368pubmed: 18181148google scholar: lookup
  61. Torricelli P., Fini M., Filardo G., Tschon M., Pischedda M., Pacorini A., Kon E., Giardino R.. Regenerative medicine for the treatment of musculoskeletal overuse injuries in competition horses.. Int. Orthop. 2011;35:1569–1576.
    doi: 10.1007/s00264-011-1237-3pmc: PMC3174295pubmed: 21394594google scholar: lookup
  62. Ricco S., Renzi S., Del Bue M., Conti V., Merli E., Ramoni R., Lucarelli E., Gnudi G., Ferrari M., Grolli S.. Allogeneic Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Combination with Platelet Rich Plasma are Safe and Effective in the Therapy of Superficial Digital Flexor Tendonitis in the Horse.. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2013;26:61–68.
    doi: 10.1177/03946320130260S108pubmed: 24046950google scholar: lookup
  63. Glasziou P.P., Sanders S.L.. Investigating causes of heterogeneity in systematic reviews.. Stat. Med. 2002;21:1503–1511.
    doi: 10.1002/sim.1183pubmed: 12111916google scholar: lookup
  64. McLellan J., Plevin S.. Does it matter which platelet-rich plasma we use?. Equine Vet. Educ. 2011;23:101–104.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00185.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  65. Vadim P., Michelle B., Cen Z., Reichert H.J.. Chapter 4: In Vitro Models for Neuroelectrodes: A Paradigm for Studying Tissue—Materials Interactions in the Brain.. In: Reichert W.M., editor. Indwelling Neural Implants: Strategies for Contending with the In Vivo Environment. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL, USA: 2008.
  66. Wu F., Nerlich M., Docheva D.. Tendon injuries: Basic science and new repair proposals.. EFORT Open Rev. 2017;2:332–342.
    doi: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.160075pmc: PMC5549180pubmed: 28828182google scholar: lookup
  67. Hunter J.E., Jensen J.L., Rodgers R.. The Control Group and Meta-Analysis.. J. Methods Meas. Soc. Sci. 2014;6:3–21.
    doi: 10.2458/v5i1.18302google scholar: lookup
  68. Giraldo C.E., López C., Álvarez M.E., Samudio I.J., Prades M., Carmona J.U.. Effects of the breed, sex and age on cellular content and growth factor release from equine pure-platelet rich plasma and pure-platelet rich gel.. BMC Vet. Res. 2013;9.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-29pmc: PMC3577464pubmed: 23402541google scholar: lookup
  69. Tamimi F.M., Montalvo S., Tresguerres I., Blanco Jerez L.. A Comparative Study of 2 Methods for Obtaining Platelet-Rich Plasma.. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2007;65:1084–1093.
    doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2006.09.012pubmed: 17517290google scholar: lookup
  70. Elbackly R.M., Mastrogiacomo M., Cancedda R.. Regenerative Medicine Applications in Organ Transplantation.. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2014. Bone Regeneration and Bioengineering; pp. 783–797.
  71. Schulz K.F., Grimes D.A.. Blinding in randomised trials: Hiding who got what.. Lancet. 2002;359:696–700.
    doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07816-9pubmed: 11879884google scholar: lookup
  72. Engebretsen L., Steffen K., Alsousou J., Anitua E., Bachl N., Devilee R., Everts P., Hamilton B., Huard J., Jenoure P.. IOC consensus paper on the use of platelet-rich plasma in sports medicine.. Br. J. Sports Med. 2010;44:1072–1081.
    doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.079822pubmed: 21106774google scholar: lookup
  73. Gillis C.L.. Rehabilitation of Tendon and Ligament Injuries.. Am. Assoc. Equine Pract. 1997;43:306–309.
  74. Avella C.S., Smith R.K.W.. Diagnosis and Management of Tendon and Ligament Disorders. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2012. Equine Surgery; pp. 1157–1179.

Citations

This article has been cited 8 times.
  1. Etriwati E, Abellisa A, Ferasyi TR, Sugito S, Amiruddin A, Zamzami RS, Erwin E. Platelet-rich plasma improves caspase-3 of skin graft treated with Tilapia Mozambique bio-dressing. Open Vet J 2025 Nov;15(11):5825-5830.
    doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i11.38pubmed: 41630716google scholar: lookup
  2. Carmona JU, López C, Argüelles D. Addressing Heterogeneity in Equine PRP Therapies: A Scoping Review of Methods, Evidence, and Commercial Validation. Animals (Basel) 2025 Dec 13;15(24).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15243586pubmed: 41463871google scholar: lookup
  3. Fuertes-Recuero M, Encinas Cerezo T, Morón-Elorza P. The Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Wildlife Veterinary Medicine. Animals (Basel) 2025 Nov 20;15(22).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15223352pubmed: 41302060google scholar: lookup
  4. Najeb M, Samy A, Rizk A, Mosbah E, Karrouf G. Regenerative biologics modulating inflammation and promoting tenogenesis in equine superficial digital flexor tendonitis: from molecular pathways to clinical translation. Ir Vet J 2025 Sep 17;78(1):21.
    doi: 10.1186/s13620-025-00309-zpubmed: 40963139google scholar: lookup
  5. Najeb M, Samy A, Rizk A, Mosbah E, Karrouf G. Clinical benefits of early-stage autologous conditioned serum and injectable platelet-rich fibrin on healing superficial digital flexor tendonitis in donkeys. Ir Vet J 2025 Jun 7;78(1):13.
    doi: 10.1186/s13620-025-00299-ypubmed: 40483508google scholar: lookup
  6. Bernardini C, Romagnoli N, Casalini I, Turba ME, Spadari A, Forni M, Gentilini F. Freeze-drying protocols and methods of maintaining the in-vitro biological activity of horse platelet lysate. Int J Vet Sci Med 2024;12(1):71-80.
    doi: 10.1080/23144599.2024.2380586pubmed: 39119550google scholar: lookup
  7. Mayet A, Zablotski Y, Roth SP, Brehm W, Troillet A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of positive long-term effects after intra-articular administration of orthobiologic therapeutics in horses with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1125695.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1125695pubmed: 36908512google scholar: lookup
  8. Troha K, Vozel D, Arko M, Bedina Zavec A, Dolinar D, Hočevar M, Jan Z, Kisovec M, Kocjančič B, Pađen L, Pajnič M, Penič S, Romolo A, Repar N, Spasovski V, Steiner N, Šuštar V, Iglič A, Drobne D, Kogej K, Battelino S, Kralj-Iglič V. Autologous Platelet and Extracellular Vesicle-Rich Plasma as Therapeutic Fluid: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023 Feb 8;24(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms24043420pubmed: 36834843google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,850 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.