FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)2018; 4(4); doi: 10.3390/jof4040120

Therapy of Non-Dermatophytic Mycoses in Animals.

Abstract: This review focuses on aspects of antimycotic therapy specific to veterinary medicine. In the first part, drug availability, limited mostly by economic consideration but also by clinical applicability and specific adverse effects, is described for polyenes, 5 fluorocytosine, azoles, echinocandins and terbinafine. In the second part, current knowledge and experience in the treatment of selected fungal infections are overviewed. These mycoses include disseminated mold infections in small animals (dogs and cats) and avian species, upper respiratory tract infections of small animals (sino-nasal and sino-orbital aspergillosis) and horses (guttural pouch mycosis), eumycetoma, infections caused by dimorphic fungi, (blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis and sporothrichosis) and by yeasts and yeast-like microorganism (Cryptococcus spp. and Malassezia pachydermatis).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2018-10-30 PubMed ID: 30380772PubMed Central: PMC6308939DOI: 10.3390/jof4040120Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article discusses the treatment of non-dermatophytic fungal infections in animals with different antifungal drugs. It gives an overview on the availability and limitations of these drugs and specifically discusses their uses in treating a range of fungal diseases in different pets and farm animals.

Antifungal Drug Availability and Limitations

  • The researchers begin by describing the availability of antifungal treatment options for animals. These include polyenes, 5 fluorocytosine, azoles, echinocandins, and terbinafine. Each class of drugs have their distinct pros and cons.
  • Economic considerations are a major factor determining the availability of these drugs. In many cases, the high cost of antifungal medications may restrict its access to veterinary practices.
  • In addition to the financial aspect, clinical applicability – how suitable a drug is for treating a particular infection in a certain species – also limits the use of some antifungal drugs.
  • Lastly, the authors suggest that potential adverse effects are a further limitation that veterinary practitioners should take into account while selecting a treatment method.

Treatment of Specific Fungal Infections

  • The second part of the study focuses on the treatment of specific fungal infections observed in different animals such as dogs, cats, birds, and horses.
  • Disseminated mold infections, a type of fungal infection affecting multiple areas or systems of the body, are examined in small animals and avian species.
  • The article discusses the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections of small animals caused by fungi, specifically those affecting sinuses and orbit (eye socket), and a similar condition in horses called guttural pouch mycosis.
  • Eumycetoma, a specific type of fungal infection affecting the skin, is discussed, along with infections caused by dimorphic fungi—organisms that can exist in two forms.
  • The article also gives details about infections caused by certain types of yeasts and yeast-like organisms.

Conclusion

The authors conclude that understanding the accessibility and limitations of antifungal drugs is crucial in the veterinary field. The article provides valuable information about treating specific fungal infections across different species, which can assist veterinarians in choosing an effective treatment method for their patients.

Cite This Article

APA
Elad D. (2018). Therapy of Non-Dermatophytic Mycoses in Animals. J Fungi (Basel), 4(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4040120

Publication

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2309-608X
NlmUniqueID: 101671827
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 4
Issue: 4

Researcher Affiliations

Elad, Daniel
  • Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, The Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. daniel.elad@gmail.com.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 120 references
  1. Enoch D.A., Yang H., Aliyu S.H., Micallef C.. The Changing Epidemiology of Invasive Fungal Infections. Methods Mol. Biol. 2017;1508.
    doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6515-1_2pubmed: 27837497google scholar: lookup
  2. Elad D.. Infections caused by fungi of the Scedosporium/Pseudallescheria complex in veterinary species. Vet. J. 2011;187:33–41.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.05.028pubmed: 20580291google scholar: lookup
  3. Elad D.. Immunocompromised patients and their pets: Still best friends?. Vet. J. 2013;197:662–669.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.042pubmed: 23820136google scholar: lookup
  4. Johnson E.M., Espinel-Ingroff A.V., Pfaller M.A.. Susceptibility test methods: Yeasts and filamentous fungi. Manual of Clinical Microbiology 2011. pp. 2020–2037.
  5. Lackner M., de Hoog G.S., Verweij P.E., Najafzadeh M.J., Curfs-Breuker I., Klaassen C.H., Meis J.F.. Species-specific antifungal susceptibility patterns of Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria species. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 2012;56:2635–5642.
    doi: 10.1128/AAC.05910-11pmc: PMC3346635pubmed: 22290955google scholar: lookup
  6. Robbins N., Wright G.D., Cowen L.E.. Antifungal Drugs: The current armamentarium and development of new agents. Microbiol. Spectr. 2016;4.
    doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0002-2016pubmed: 27763259google scholar: lookup
  7. Pastor F.J., Guarro J.. Treatment of Aspergillus terreus infections: A clinical problem not yet resolved. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2014;44:281–289.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.07.002pubmed: 25190543google scholar: lookup
  8. Tan Sui Ling J., Billa N., Roberts C.J.. Mucoadhesive chitosan-coated nanostructured lipid carriers for oral delivery of amphotericin B. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 2018;22:1–24.
    doi: 10.1080/10837450.2018.1515225pubmed: 30132723google scholar: lookup
  9. Shubitz L.F.. Comparative aspects of coccidioidomycosis in animals and humans. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2007;1111:395–403.
    doi: 10.1196/annals.1406.007pubmed: 17332082google scholar: lookup
  10. Foy D.S., Trepanier L.A.. Antifungal treatment of small animal veterinary patients. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 2010;40:1171–1188.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.07.006pubmed: 20933143google scholar: lookup
  11. Vanden Bossche H., Engelen M., Rochette F.. Antifungal agents of use in animal health—Chemical, biochemical and pharmacological aspects. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2003;26:5–29.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2003.00456.xpubmed: 12603774google scholar: lookup
  12. Malik R., Craig A.J., Wigney D.I., Martin P., Love D.N.. Combination chemotherapy of canine and feline cryptococcosis using subcutaneously administered amphotericin B. Aust. Vet. J. 1996;73:124–128.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb10003.xpubmed: 8660225google scholar: lookup
  13. Malik R., Medeiros C., Wigney D.I., Love D.N.. Suspected drug eruption in seven dogs during administration of flucytosine. Aust. Vet. J. 1996;74:285–288.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1996.tb13776.xpubmed: 8937669google scholar: lookup
  14. Legendre A.M., Rohrbach B.W., Toal R.L., Rinaldi M.G., Grace L.L., Jones J.B.. Treatment of blastomycosis with itraconazole in 112 dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 1996;10:365–371.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02082.xpubmed: 8947868google scholar: lookup
  15. Quimby J.M., Hoffman S.B., Duke J., Lappin M.R.. Adverse neurologic events associated with voriconazole use in 3 cats. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2010;24:647–649.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.00504.xpubmed: 20384957google scholar: lookup
  16. Wexler D., Courtney R., Richards W., Banfield C., Lim J., Laughlin M.. Effect of posaconazole on cytochrome P450 enzymes: A randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2004;21:645–653.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.01.005pubmed: 15066665google scholar: lookup
  17. Yeoh S.F., Lee T.J., Chew K.L., Lin S., Yeo D., Setia S.. Echinocandins for management of invasive candidiasis in patients with liver disease and liver transplantation. Infect. Drug. Resist. 2018;11:805–819.
    doi: 10.2147/IDR.S165676pmc: PMC5985852pubmed: 29881298google scholar: lookup
  18. Elad D., Segal E.. Diagnostic aspects of veterinary and human aspergillosis. Front. Microbiol. 2018;9:1303.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01303pmc: PMC6022203pubmed: 29977229google scholar: lookup
  19. Zhang S., Corapi W., Quist E., Griffin S., Zhang M.. Aspergillus versicolor, a new causative agent of canine disseminated aspergillosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2012;50:187–191.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.05388-11pmc: PMC3256724pubmed: 22031699google scholar: lookup
  20. Taylor A.R., Young B.D., Levine G.J., Eden K., Corapi W., Rossmeisl J.H., Jr., Levine J.M.. Clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 7 dogs with central nervous system aspergillosis. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2015;29:1556–1563.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.13648pmc: PMC4895661pubmed: 26473515google scholar: lookup
  21. Wood G.L., Hirsh D.C., Selcer R.R., Rinaldi M.G., Boorman G.A.. Disseminated aspergillosis in a dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1978;172:704–707.
    pubmed: 640935
  22. Jang S.S., Dorr T.E., Biberstein E.L., Wong A.. Aspergillus deflectus infection in four dogs. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 1986;24:95–104.
    doi: 10.1080/02681218680000151pubmed: 3723291google scholar: lookup
  23. Littman M.P., Goldschmidt M.H.. Systemic paecilomycosis in a dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1987;191:445–447.
    pubmed: 3654321
  24. Salkin I.F., Cooper C.R., Bartges J.W., Kemna M.E., Rinaldi M.G.. Scedosporium inflatum osteomyelitis in a dog. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1992;30:2797–2800.
    pmc: PMC270531pubmed: 1452649
  25. Dallman M.J., Dew T.L., Tobias L., Doss R.. Disseminated aspergillosis in a dog with diskospondylitis and neurologic deficits. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1992;200:511–513.
    pubmed: 1559889
  26. Simpson K.W., Khan K.N., Podell M., Johnson S.E., Wilkie D.A.. Systemic mycosis caused by Acremonium sp. in a dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1993;203:1296–1299.
    pubmed: 8253622
  27. Kaufman A.C., Greene C.E., Selcer B.A., Styles M.E., Mahaffey E.A.. Systemic aspergillosis in a dog and treatment with hamycin. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 1994;30:132–136.
  28. Kelly S.E., Shaw S.E., Clark W.T.. Long-term survival of four dogs with disseminated Aspergillus terreus infection treated with itraconazole. Aust. Vet. J. 1995;72:311–313.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1995.tb03562.xpubmed: 8579564google scholar: lookup
  29. Watt P.R., Robins G.M., Galloway A.M., O’Boyle D.A.. Disseminated opportunistic fungal disease in dogs, 10 cases (1982–1990). J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 1995;207:67–70.
    pubmed: 7601696
  30. March P.A., Knowles K., Dillavou C.L., Jakowski R., Freden G.. Diagnosis, treatment, and temporary remission of disseminated paecilomycosis in a vizsla. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 1996;32:509–514.
    doi: 10.5326/15473317-32-6-509pubmed: 8906728google scholar: lookup
  31. Nakagawa Y., Mochizuki R., Iwasaki K., Ohmura-Tsutsui M., Fujiwara K., Mori T., Hasegawa A., Sawa K.. A canine case of profound granulomatosis due to Paecillomyces fungus. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 1996;58:157–159.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.58.157pubmed: 8672587google scholar: lookup
  32. García M.E., Caballero J., Toni P., Garcia I., Martinez de Merlo E., Rollan E., Gonzalez M., Blanco J.L.. Disseminated mycoses in a dog by Paecilomyces spp.. J. Vet. Med. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med. 2000;47:243–249.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2000.00282.xpubmed: 10887755google scholar: lookup
  33. Smith A.N., Spencer J.A., Stringfellow J.S., Vygantas K.R., Welch J.A.. Disseminated infection with Phialemonium obovatum in a German shepherd dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2000;216:708–712.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.708pubmed: 10707686google scholar: lookup
  34. Booth M.J., van der Lugt J.J., van Heerden A., Picard J.A.. Temporary remission of disseminated paecilomycosis in a German shepherd dog treated with ketoconazole. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 2001;72:99–104.
    doi: 10.4102/jsava.v72i2.628pubmed: 11513271google scholar: lookup
  35. Añor S., Sturges B.K., Lafranco L., Jang S.S., Higgins R.J., Koblik P.D., LeCouteur R.A.. Systemic phaeohyphomycosis (Cladophialophora bantiana) in a dog—Clinical diagnosis with stereotactic computed tomographic-guided brain biopsy. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2001;15:257–261.
    pubmed: 11380037
  36. Kano R., Oomae S., Nakano Y., Minami T., Sukikara M., Nakayama T., Hasegawa A.. First report on Schizophyllum commune from a dog. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2002;40:3535–3537.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.9.3535-3537.2002pmc: PMC130828pubmed: 12202614google scholar: lookup
  37. Mackie J.T., Padhye A.A., Sutherland R.J., Lamb W.A., Davis S.. Granulomatous lymphadenitis and splenitis associated with Monocillium indicum infection in a dog. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2004;16:248–250.
    doi: 10.1177/104063870401600315pubmed: 15152844google scholar: lookup
  38. Erne J.B., Walker M.C., Strik N., Alleman A.R.. Systemic infection with Geomyces organisms in a dog with lytic bone lesions. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2007;230:537–540.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.230.4.537pubmed: 17302551google scholar: lookup
  39. Holahan M.L., Loft K.E., Swenson C.L., Martinez-Ruzafa I.. Generalized calcinosis cutis associated with disseminated paecilomycosis in a dog. Vet. Dermatol. 2008;19:368–372.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00706.xpubmed: 19037918google scholar: lookup
  40. Schultz R.M., Johnson E.G., Wisner E.R., Brown N.A., Byrne B.A., Sykes J.E.. Clinicopathologic and diagnostic imaging characteristics of systemic aspergillosis in 30 dogs. J. Vet. Int. Med. 2008;22:851–859.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0125.xpubmed: 18647155google scholar: lookup
  41. Brockus C.W., Myers R.K., Crandell J.M., Sutton D.A., Wickes B.L., Nakasone K.K.. Disseminated Oxyporus corticola infection in a German shepherd dog. Med. Mycol. 2009;47:862–868.
    doi: 10.3109/13693780902962267pubmed: 19468930google scholar: lookup
  42. Elad D., Perl S., Yamin G., Blum S., David D.. Disseminated pseudallescheriosis in a dog. Med. Mycol. 2010;48:635–638.
    doi: 10.3109/13693780903380548pubmed: 19886774google scholar: lookup
  43. Walker J.T., Frazho J.K., Randell S.C.. A novel case of canine disseminated aspergillosis following mating. Can. Vet. J. 2012;53:190–192.
    pmc: PMC3258835pubmed: 22851783
  44. Armstrong P.F., Sigler L., Sutton D.A., Grooters A.M., Hitt M.. Fungal myelitis caused by Phialosimplex caninus in an immunosuppressed dog. Med. Mycol. 2012;50:509–512.
    doi: 10.3109/13693786.2011.633106pubmed: 22122265google scholar: lookup
  45. Miller S.A., Roth-Johnson L., Kania S.A., Bemis D.A.. Isolation and sequence-based identification of Oxyporus corticola from a dog with generalized lymphadenopathy. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2012;24:178–181.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638711425944pubmed: 22362950google scholar: lookup
  46. Armentano R.A., Cooke K.L., Wickes B.L.. Disseminated mycotic infection caused by Westerdykella species in a German Shepherd dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2013;242:381–387.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.242.3.381pubmed: 23327182google scholar: lookup
  47. Troy G.C., Panciera D.L., Pickett J.P., Sutton D.A., Gene J., Cano J.F., Guarro J., Thompson E.H., Wickes B.L.. Mixed infection caused by Lecythophora canina sp. nov. and Plectosphaerella cucumerina in a German shepherd dog. Med. Mycol. 2013;51:455–460.
    doi: 10.3109/13693786.2012.754998pubmed: 23294425google scholar: lookup
  48. Sigler L., Hanselman B., Ruotsalo K., Tsui K.G., Richardson S.. Cytological, microbiological and therapeutic aspects of systemic infection in a dog caused by the fungus Phialosimplex caninus. Med. Mycol. Case Rep. 2013;2:32–36.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2012.12.007pmc: PMC3885958pubmed: 24432211google scholar: lookup
  49. Taylor A., Talbot J., Bennett P., Martin P., Makara M., Barrs V.R.. Disseminated Scedosporium prolificans infection in a Labrador retriever with immune mediated haemolytic anaemia. Med. Mycol. Case Rep. 2014;6:66–69.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2014.10.001pmc: PMC4246399pubmed: 25473599google scholar: lookup
  50. Rizzo L., Sutton D.A., Wiederhold N.P., Thompson E.H., Friedman R., Wickes B.L., Cano-Lira J.F., Stchigel A.M., Guarro J.. Isolation and characterisation of the fungus Spiromastix asexualis sp. nov. from discospondylitis in a German Shepherd dog, and review of Spiromastix with the proposal of the new order Spiromastixales (Ascomycota). Mycoses 2014;57:419–428.
    doi: 10.1111/myc.12178pubmed: 24621407google scholar: lookup
  51. Dunlap A.E., Swinford A.K., Wells K.L.. Disseminated Scytalidium infection in a German shepherd dog. Med. Mycol. Case Rep. 2015;7:20–22.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2015.01.001pmc: PMC4306033pubmed: 25628988google scholar: lookup
  52. Cook E., Meler E., Garrett K., Long H., King M., Stephens C., Thompson A.. Disseminated Chrysosporium infection in a German shepherd dog. Med. Mycol. Case Rep. 2015;10:29–33.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2016.01.002pmc: PMC4769606pubmed: 26937338google scholar: lookup
  53. Kawalilak L.T., Chen A.V., Roberts G.R.. Imaging characteristics of disseminated Geosmithia argillacea causing severe diskospondylitis and meningoencephalomyelitis in a dog. Clin. Case Rep. 2015;3:901–906.
    doi: 10.1002/ccr3.372pmc: PMC4641471pubmed: 26576269google scholar: lookup
  54. Ballhausen B.D., Geisweid K., Hartmann K., Hirschberger J., Majzoub M., Schulz B.. Systemic Acremonium species infection in a dog. Tierärztl. Prax. Ausg. K Kleintiere/Heimtiere 2016;44:424–428.
    pubmed: 27831590
  55. Corrigan V.K., Legendre A.M., Wheat L.J., Mullis R., Johnson B., Bemis D.A., Cepero L.. Treatment of disseminated aspergillosis with posaconazole in 10 dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2016;30:167–173.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.13795pmc: PMC4913654pubmed: 26566711google scholar: lookup
  56. Rothenburg L.S., Snider T.A., Wilson A., Confer A.W., Ramachandran A., Mani R., Rizzi T., Nafe L.. Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis in a dog. Med. Mycol. Case Rep. 2017;15:28–32.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2017.02.003pmc: PMC5328716pubmed: 28275534google scholar: lookup
  57. Magstadt D.R., Fales-Williams A.J., Palerme J.S., Flaherty H., Lindquist T., Miles K.G.. Severe disseminated necrotizing and granulomatous lymphadenitis and encephalitis in a dog due to Sporotrichum pruinosum (Teleomorph: Phanerochaete chrysosporium). Vet. Pathol. 2018;55:298–302.
    doi: 10.1177/0300985817741731pubmed: 29191132google scholar: lookup
  58. Spano M., Zuliani D., Peano A., Bertazzolo W.. Cladosporium cladosporioides-complex infection in a mixed-breed dog. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2018;47:150–153.
    doi: 10.1111/vcp.12571pubmed: 29372563google scholar: lookup
  59. Gene J., Blanco J.L., Cano J., Garcia M.E., Guarro J.. The new filamentous fungus Sagenomella chlamydospora responsible for a disseminated infection in a dog. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2003;41:1722–1725.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.4.1722-1725.2003pmc: PMC153912pubmed: 12682169google scholar: lookup
  60. König H.E., Navarro M., Zengerling G., Korbel R.. Respiratory system (apparatus respiratorius). Avian Anatomy Textbook and Colour Atlas 2016. pp. 118–130.
  61. Krautwald-Junghanns M.E., Vorbrüggen S., Böhme J.. Aspergillosis in birds: An overview of treatment options and regimens. J. Exot. Pet Med. 2015;24:296–307.
    doi: 10.1053/j.jepm.2015.06.012google scholar: lookup
  62. Girma G., Abebaw M., Zemene M., Mamuye Y., Getaneh G.. A review on aspergillosis in poultry. J. Vet. Sci. Technol. 2016;7:382.
    doi: 10.4172/2157-7579.1000382google scholar: lookup
  63. Wlaź P., Knaga S., Kasperek K., Wlaź A., Poleszak E., Jezewska-Witkowska G., Winiarczyk S., Wyska E., Heinekamp T., Rundfeldt C.. Activity and safety of inhaled itraconazole nanosuspension in a model pulmonary Aspergillus fumigatus infection in inoculated young quails. Mycopathologia 2015;180:35–42.
    doi: 10.1007/s11046-015-9885-2pmc: PMC4498244pubmed: 25790942google scholar: lookup
  64. Pardeike J., Weber S., Zarfl H.P., Pagitz M., Zimmer A.. Itraconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for pulmonary treatment of aspergillosis in falcons. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2016;108:269–276.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.07.018pubmed: 27449629google scholar: lookup
  65. Hyatt M.W., Wiederhold N.P., Hope W.W., Stott K.E.. Pharmacokinetics of orally administered voriconazole in African Penguins (Spheniscus demersus) after single and multiple doses. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 2017;48:352–362.
    doi: 10.1638/2016-0160R2.1pubmed: 28749255google scholar: lookup
  66. Gentry J., Montgerard C., Crandall E., Cruz-Espindola C., Boothe D., Bellah J.. Voriconazole disposition after single and multiple, oral doses in healthy, adult Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). J. Avian Med. Surg. 2014;28:201–208.
    doi: 10.1647/20-077pubmed: 25843319google scholar: lookup
  67. Beernaert L.A., Pasmans F., Baert K., Van Waeyenberghe L., Chiers K., Haesebrouck F., Martel A.. Designing a treatment protocol with voriconazole to eliminate Aspergillus fumigatus from experimentally inoculated pigeons. Vet. Microbiol. 2009;139:393–397.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.007pubmed: 19574001google scholar: lookup
  68. Di Somma A., Bailey T., Silvanose C., Garcia-Martinez C.. The use of voriconazole for the treatment of aspergillosis in falcons (Falco species). J. Avian Med. Surg. 2007;21:307–316.
    doi: 10.1647/1082-6742(2007)21[307:TUOVFT]2.0.CO;2pubmed: 18351011google scholar: lookup
  69. Silvanose C.D., Bailey T.A., Di Somma A.. Susceptibility of fungi isolated from the respiratory tract of falcons to amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole. Vet. Rec. 2006;159:282–284.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.159.9.282pubmed: 16946311google scholar: lookup
  70. Tartor Y.H., Hassan F.A.M.. Assessment of carvacrol for control of avian aspergillosis in intratracheally challenged chickens in comparison to voriconazole with a reference on economic impact. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2017;123:1088–1099.
    doi: 10.1111/jam.13557pubmed: 28795522google scholar: lookup
  71. Peeters D., Clercx C.. Update on canine sinonasal aspergillosis. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract. 2007;37:901–916.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.05.005pubmed: 17693205google scholar: lookup
  72. Talbot J.J., Johnson L.R., Martin P., Beatty J.A., Sutton D.A., Billen F., Halliday C.L., Gibson J.S., Kidd S., Steiner J.M.. What causes canine sino-nasal aspergillosis? A molecular approach to species identification. Vet. J. 2014;200:17–21.
    pubmed: 24559745
  73. Tamborini A., Robertson E., Talbot J.J., Barrs V.R.. Sinonasal aspergillosis in a British Shorthair cat in the UK. JFMS Open Rep. 2016;2.
    doi: 10.1177/2055116916653775pmc: PMC5362982pubmed: 28491427google scholar: lookup
  74. Barrs V.R., Halliday C., Martin P., Wilson B., Krockenberger M., Gunew M., Bennett S., Koehlmeyer E., Thompson A., Fliegner R.. Sinonasal and sino-orbital aspergillosis in 23 cats: Aetiology, clinicopathological features and treatment outcomes. Vet. J. 2012;191:58–64.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.02.009pubmed: 21388842google scholar: lookup
  75. Barrs V.R., Beatty J.A., Lingard A.E., Malik R., Krockenberger M.B., Martin P., O’Brien C., Angles J.M., Dowden M., Halliday C.. Feline sino-orbital aspergillosis: An emerging clinical syndrome. Aust. Vet. J. 2007;85:N23.
    pubmed: 17385254
  76. Hamilton H.L., Whitley R.D., McLaughlin S.A.. Exophthalmos secondary to aspergillosis in a cat. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. 2000;36:343–347.
    doi: 10.5326/15473317-36-4-343pubmed: 10914535google scholar: lookup
  77. Nation P.N.. Epistaxis of guttural pouch origin in horses: Pathology of three cases. Can. Vet. J. 1978;19:194–197.
    pmc: PMC1789408pubmed: 698900
  78. Freeman D.E.. Update on disorders and treatment of the guttural pouch. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2015;31:63–89.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.010pubmed: 25770066google scholar: lookup
  79. Church S., Wyn-Jones G., Parks A.H., Ritchie H.E.. Treatment of guttural pouch mycosis. Equine Vet. J. 1986;18:362–365.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03654.xpubmed: 3769881google scholar: lookup
  80. Greet T.R.. Outcome of treatment in 35 cases of guttural pouch mycosis. Equine Vet. J. 1987;19:483–487.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb02649.xpubmed: 3500040google scholar: lookup
  81. Davis E.W., Legendre A.M.. Successful treatment of guttural pouch mycosis with itraconazole and topical enilconazole in a horse. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 1994;8:304–305.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03239.xpubmed: 7983630google scholar: lookup
  82. Emmanuel P., Dumre S.P., John S., Karbwang J., Hirayama K.. Mycetoma: A clinical dilemma in resource limited settings. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 2018;17:35.
    doi: 10.1186/s12941-018-0287-4pmc: PMC6085652pubmed: 30097030google scholar: lookup
  83. Nenoff P., van de Sande W.W., Fahal A.H., Reinel D., Schöfer H.. Eumycetoma and actinomycetoma—An update on causative agents, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2015;29:1873–1883.
    doi: 10.1111/jdv.13008pubmed: 25726758google scholar: lookup
  84. Elad D., Orgad U., Yakobson B., Perl S., Golomb P., Trainin R., Tsur I., Shenkler S., Bor A.. Eumycetoma caused by Curvularia lunata in a dog. Mycopathologia 1991;116:113–118.
    doi: 10.1007/BF00436373pubmed: 1664052google scholar: lookup
  85. Janovec J., Brockman D.J., Priestnall S.L., Kulendra N.J.. Successful treatment of intra-abdominal eumycotic mycetoma caused by Penicillium duponti in a dog. J. Small Anim. Pract. 2016;57:159–162.
    doi: 10.1111/jsap.12375pubmed: 26017318google scholar: lookup
  86. Ledbetter E.C.. Antifungal therapy in equine ocular mycotic infections. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 2017;33:583–605.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.08.001pubmed: 28958862google scholar: lookup
  87. Sherman A.B., Clode A.B., Gilger B.C.. Impact of fungal species cultured on outcome in horses with fungal keratitis. Vet. Ophthalmol. 2017;20:140–146.
    doi: 10.1111/vop.12381pubmed: 27061354google scholar: lookup
  88. Aho R., Tala M., Kivalo M.. Mycotic keratitis in a horse caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. The first reported case in Finland. Acta Vet. Scand. 1991;32:373–376.
    pmc: PMC8127900pubmed: 1814187
  89. Gnann J.W., Jr., Bressler G.S., Bodet C.A., 3rd, Avent C.K.. Human blastomycosis after a dog bite. Ann. Intern. Med. 1983;98:48–49.
    doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-98-1-48pubmed: 6848043google scholar: lookup
  90. López-Martínez R., Méndéz-Tovar L.J.. Blastomycosis. Clin. Dermatol. 2012;30:565–572.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.01.002pubmed: 23068144google scholar: lookup
  91. Werner A., Norton F.. Blastomycosis. Contin. Educ. Vet. 2011;33:E1–4.
    pubmed: 21870343
  92. Brömel C., Sykes J.E.. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of blastomycosis in dogs and cats. Clin. Tech. Small Anim. Pract. 2005;20:233–239.
    doi: 10.1053/j.ctsap.2005.07.004pubmed: 16317913google scholar: lookup
  93. Ono M.A., Bracarense A.P., Morais H.S., Trapp S.M., Belitardo D.R., Camargo Z.P.. Canine paracoccidioidomycosis: A seroepidemiologic study. Med. Mycol. 2001;39:277–282.
    doi: 10.1080/mmy.39.3.277.282pubmed: 11446531google scholar: lookup
  94. Gonzalez J.F., Montiel N.A., Maass R.L.. First report on the diagnosis and treatment of encephalic and urinary paracoccidioidomycosis in a cat. J. Feline Med. Surg. 2010;12:659–662.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.03.016pmc: PMC10911485pubmed: 20471880google scholar: lookup
  95. Lin Blache J., Ryan K., Arceneaux K.. Histoplasmosis. Compend. Contin. Educ. Vet. 2011;33:E1–E10.
    pubmed: 21870349
  96. Welsh O., Vera-Cabrera L., Rendon A., Gonzalez G., Bonifaz A.. Coccidioidomycosis. Clin. Dermatol. 2012;30:573–591.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.01.003pubmed: 23068145google scholar: lookup
  97. Litvintseva A.P., Marsden-Haug N., Hurst S., Hill H., Gade L., Driebe E.M., Ralston C., Roe C., Barker B.M., Goldoft M.. Valley fever: Finding new places for an old disease: Coccidioides immitis found in Washington state soil associated with recent human infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2015;60:e1–e3.
    doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu681pmc: PMC4296125pubmed: 25165087google scholar: lookup
  98. Shubitz L.F., Matz M.E., Noon T.H., Reggiardo C.C., Bradley G.A.. Constrictive pericarditis secondary to Coccidioides immitis infection in a dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2001;218:537–540.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2001.218.537pubmed: 11229504google scholar: lookup
  99. Shubitz L.F., Roy M.E., Nix D.E., Galgiani J.N.. Efficacy of Nikkomycin Z for respiratory coccidioidomycosis in naturally infected dogs. Med. Mycol. 2013;51:747–754.
    doi: 10.3109/13693786.2013.770610pubmed: 23488972google scholar: lookup
  100. De Miranda L.H.M., Silva J.N., Gremião I.D.F., Menezes R.C., Almeida-Paes R., Dos Reis É.G., de Oliveira R.V.C., de Araujo D.S.D.A., Ferreiro L., Pereira S.A.. Monitoring fungal burden and viability of Sporothrix spp. in skin lesions of cats for predicting antifungal treatment response. J. Fungi (Basel) 2018;4:92.
    doi: 10.3390/jof4030092pmc: PMC6162451pubmed: 30087237google scholar: lookup
  101. Gremião I.D., Menezes R.C., Schubach T.M., Figueiredo A.B., Cavalcanti M.C., Pereira S.A.. Feline sporotrichosis: Epidemiological and clinical aspects. Med. Mycol. 2015;53:15–21.
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myu061pubmed: 25477076google scholar: lookup
  102. Pereira S.A., Passos S.R., Silva J.N., Gremião I.D., Figueiredo F.B., Teixeira J.L., Monteiro P.C., Schubach T.M.. Response to azolic antifungal agents for treating feline sporotrichosis. Vet. Rec. 2010;166:290–294.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.166.10.290pubmed: 20208075google scholar: lookup
  103. Viana P.G., Figueiredo A.B.F., Gremião I.D.F., de Miranda L.H.M., da Silva Antonio I.M., Boechat J.S., de Sá Machado A.C., de Oliveira M.M.E., Pereira S.A.. Successful treatment of canine sporotrichosis with terbinafine: Case reports and literature review. Mycopathologia 2018;183:471–478.
    doi: 10.1007/s11046-017-0225-6pubmed: 29222709google scholar: lookup
  104. Brilhante R.S., Pereira V.S., Oliveira J.S., Lopes R.G., Rodrigues A.M., Camargo Z.P., Pereira-Neto W.A., Castelo-Branco D.S., Cordeiro R.A., Sidrim J.J.. Pentamidine inhibits the growth of Sporothrix schenckii complex and exhibits synergism with antifungal agents. Future Microbiol. 2018;13:1129–1140.
    doi: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0070pubmed: 30113216google scholar: lookup
  105. Seyedmousavi S., Bosco S.M.G., de Hoog S., Ebel F., Elad D., Gomes R.R., Jacobsen I.D., Martel A., Mignon B., Pasmans F.. Fungal infections in animals: A patchwork of different situations. Med. Mycol. 2017;56:165–187.
    doi: 10.1093/mmy/myx104pmc: PMC6251577pubmed: 29538732google scholar: lookup
  106. O’Brien C.R., Krockenberger M.B., Martin P., Wigney D.I., Malik R.. Long-term outcome of therapy for 59 cats and 11 dogs with cryptococcosis. Aust. Vet. J. 2006;84:384–392.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00040.xpubmed: 17092323google scholar: lookup
  107. Sing K., Ilkit M., Shokohi T., Tolooe A., Malik R., Seyedmousavi S.. Cryptococcosis: Emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in animals and zoonotic potential. Emerging and Epizootic Fungal Infections in Animals 2018. pp. 249–288.
  108. Trivedi S.R., Sykes J.E., Cannon M.S., Wisner E.R., Meyer W., Sturges B.K., Dickinson P.J., Johnson L.R.. Clinical features and epidemiology of cryptococcosis in cats and dogs in California: 93 cases (1988–2010). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2011;239:357–369.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.239.3.357pubmed: 21801050google scholar: lookup
  109. De Abreu D.P.B., Machado C.H., Makita M.T., Botelho C.F.M., Oliveira F.G., da Veiga C.C.P., Martins M.D.A., Baroni F.A.. Intestinal lesion in a dog due to Cryptococcus gattii type VGII and review of published cases of canine gastrointestinal cryptococcosis. Mycopathologia 2017;182:597–602.
    doi: 10.1007/s11046-016-0100-xpubmed: 27988905google scholar: lookup
  110. Malik R., Hunt G.B., Bellenger C.R., Allan G.S., Martin P., Canfield P.J., Love D.N.. Intra-abdominal cryptococcosis in two dogs. J. Small Anim. Pract. 1999;40:387–391.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03106.xpubmed: 10476527google scholar: lookup
  111. Graves T.K., Barger A.M., Adams B., Krockenberger M.B.. Diagnosis of systemic cryptococcosis by fecal cytology in a dog. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2005;34:409–412.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00071.xpubmed: 16270270google scholar: lookup
  112. Singer L.M., Meyer W., Firacative C., Thompson G., 3rd, Samitz E., Sykes J.E.. Antifungal drug susceptibility and phylogenetic diversity among Cryptococcus isolates from dogs and cats in North America. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2014;52:2061–2070.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.03392-13pmc: PMC4042783pubmed: 24696030google scholar: lookup
  113. Chong H.S., Dagg R., Malik R., Chen S., Carter D.. In vitro susceptibility of the yeast pathogen Cryptococcus to fluconazole and other azoles varies with molecular genotype. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2010;48:4115–4120.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.01271-10pmc: PMC3020851pubmed: 20844209google scholar: lookup
  114. McGill S., Malik R., Saul N., Beetson S., Secombe C., Robertson I., Irwin P.. Cryptococcosis in domestic animals in Western Australia: A retrospective study from 1995-2006. Med. Mycol. 2009;47:625–639.
    doi: 10.1080/13693780802512519pubmed: 19306217google scholar: lookup
  115. Cruz V.C., Sommardahl C.S., Chapman E.A., Fry M.M., Schumacher J.. Successful treatment of a sinonasal cryptococcal granuloma in a horse. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2009;234:509–513.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.234.4.509pubmed: 19222362google scholar: lookup
  116. Hart K.A., Flaminio M.J., LeRoy B.E., Williams C.O., Dietrich U.M., Barton M.H.. Successful resolution of cryptococcal meningitis and optic neuritis in an adult horse with oral fluconazole. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2008;22:1436–1440.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0189.xpubmed: 18823407google scholar: lookup
  117. Secombe C.J., Lester G.D., Krockenberger M.B.. Equine pulmonary cryptococcosis: A comparative literature review and evaluation of fluconazole monotherapy. Mycopathologia 2017;182:413–423.
    doi: 10.1007/s11046-016-0065-9pubmed: 27655152google scholar: lookup
  118. Cabañes F.J.. Malassezia yeasts: How many species infect humans and animals?. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10:e1003892.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003892pmc: PMC3937305pubmed: 24586146google scholar: lookup
  119. Bond R.. Superficial veterinary mycoses. Clin. Dermatol. 2010;28:226–236.
    doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.12.012pubmed: 20347667google scholar: lookup
  120. Negre A., Bensignor E., Guillot J.. Evidence-based veterinary dermatology: A systematic review of interventions for Malassezia dermatitis in dogs. Vet. Dermatol. 2009;20:1–12.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2008.00721.xpubmed: 19152584google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 5 times.
  1. Cañizares-Cooz D, García-Párraga D, Álvaro-Álvarez T, Rubio-Langre S, Encinas T, Morón-Elorza P. Pharmacokinetic study of voriconazole administered orally at 50 mg/kg in nursehound sharks (Scyliorhinus stellaris) and udulate skates (Raja undulata). BMC Vet Res 2025 Jul 23;21(1):484.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04930-6pubmed: 40702510google scholar: lookup
  2. Cañizares-Cooz D, García-Párraga D, Rubio-Langre S, Encinas T, Morón-Elorza P. Voriconazole Pharmacokinetics Administered at 4 mg/kg IM and IV in Nursehound Sharks (Scyliorhinus stellaris) Under Human Care. Vet Sci 2025 Jan 3;12(1).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12010017pubmed: 39852892google scholar: lookup
  3. Grecu M, Minea B, Foia LG, Bostanaru-Iliescu AC, Miron L, Nastasa V, Mares M. Short Review on the Biological Activity of Cyclodextrin-Drug Inclusion Complexes Applicable in Veterinary Therapy. Molecules 2023 Jul 21;28(14).
    doi: 10.3390/molecules28145565pubmed: 37513437google scholar: lookup
  4. Vercelli C, Peano A, Piovano G, Corona A, Gambino G, Re G. Diagnostic and therapeutic management of Cryptococcosis in a kitten with practical considerations to veterinary pediatric therapeutic approach. Med Mycol Case Rep 2021 Jun;32:61-63.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2021.04.001pubmed: 33912382google scholar: lookup
  5. Segal E, Elad D. Special Issue: Treatments for Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2018 Dec 12;4(4).
    doi: 10.3390/jof4040135pubmed: 30545148google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 100,113 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.