Tracking Five Millennia of Horse Management with Extensive Ancient Genome Time Series.
Abstract: Horse domestication revolutionized warfare and accelerated travel, trade, and the geographic expansion of languages. Here, we present the largest DNA time series for a non-human organism to date, including genome-scale data from 149 ancient animals and 129 ancient genomes (≥1-fold coverage), 87 of which are new. This extensive dataset allows us to assess the modern legacy of past equestrian civilizations. We find that two extinct horse lineages existed during early domestication, one at the far western (Iberia) and the other at the far eastern range (Siberia) of Eurasia. None of these contributed significantly to modern diversity. We show that the influence of Persian-related horse lineages increased following the Islamic conquests in Europe and Asia. Multiple alleles associated with elite-racing, including at the MSTN "speed gene," only rose in popularity within the last millennium. Finally, the development of modern breeding impacted genetic diversity more dramatically than the previous millennia of human management.
Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2019-05-02 PubMed ID: 31056281PubMed Central: PMC6547883DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.049Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This research focuses on tracking the evolution and management of horses over five millennia through extensive ancient genome time series, revealing the influence of past equestrian civilizations on modern horse diversity and the impact of modern breeding.
Collection of the Largest DNA Time Series
- The researchers managed to collect the largest DNA time series for a non-human organism to date, including genome-scale data from 149 ancient animals and 129 ancient genomes.
- 87 of these ancient genomes are new, demonstrating the extensive nature of the research undertaken.
- This significant data collection allowed for the in-depth assessment of the impact historical equestrian civilizations had on the modern legacy of horses.
Existence of Two Extinct Horse Lineages
- From the collected data, it was discovered that two extinct horse lineages existed during the early domestication period.
- One of these lineages was at the far western range (Iberia), and the other was at the far eastern range (Siberia) of Eurasia.
- Interestingly, neither of these extinct lineages has significantly contributed to modern horse diversity.
Influence of Persian-Related Horse Lineages
- Further assessment of the data indicated that the influence of Persian-related horse lineages increased significantly following the Islamic conquests in Europe and Asia.
- This shows the impact historical events and civilizations had on the equestrian landscape.
Popularity of Elite-Racing Alleles
- The research also revealed that multiple alleles associated with elite racing, including those at the MSTN “speed gene,” only became popular over the last millennium.
Impact of Modern Breeding
- Finally, the research demonstrated that the development of modern breeding practices has had a more dramatic effect on horse genetic diversity than the previous millennia of human management.
- This emphasizes the profound impact modern breeding technologies and techniques have on shaping the genetic diversity seen in modern horse populations.
Cite This Article
APA
Fages A, Hanghøj K, Khan N, Gaunitz C, Seguin-Orlando A, Leonardi M, McCrory Constantz C, Gamba C, Al-Rasheid KAS, Albizuri S, Alfarhan AH, Allentoft M, Alquraishi S, Anthony D, Baimukhanov N, Barrett JH, Bayarsaikhan J, Benecke N, Bernáldez-Sánchez E, Berrocal-Rangel L, Biglari F, Boessenkool S, Boldgiv B, Brem G, Brown D, Burger J, Crubézy E, Daugnora L, Davoudi H, de Barros Damgaard P, de Los Ángeles de Chorro Y de Villa-Ceballos M, Deschler-Erb S, Detry C, Dill N, do Mar Oom M, Dohr A, Ellingvåg S, Erdenebaatar D, Fathi H, Felkel S, Fernández-Rodríguez C, García-Viñas E, Germonpré M, Granado JD, Hallsson JH, Hemmer H, Hofreiter M, Kasparov A, Khasanov M, Khazaeli R, Kosintsev P, Kristiansen K, Kubatbek T, Kuderna L, Kuznetsov P, Laleh H, Leonard JA, Lhuillier J, Liesau von Lettow-Vorbeck C, Logvin A, Lõugas L, Ludwig A, Luis C, Arruda AM, Marques-Bonet T, Matoso Silva R, Merz V, Mijiddorj E, Miller BK, Monchalov O, Mohaseb FA, Morales A, Nieto-Espinet A, Nistelberger H, Onar V, Pálsdóttir AH, Pitulko V, Pitskhelauri K, Pruvost M, Rajic Sikanjic P, Rapan Papeša A, Roslyakova N, Sardari A, Sauer E, Schafberg R, Scheu A, Schibler J, Schlumbaum A, Serrand N, Serres-Armero A, Shapiro B, Sheikhi Seno S, Shevnina I, Shidrang S, Southon J, Star B, Sykes N, Taheri K, Taylor W, Teegen WR, Trbojević Vukičević T, Trixl S, Tumen D, Undrakhbold S, Usmanova E, Vahdati A, Valenzuela-Lamas S, Viegas C, Wallner B, Weinstock J, Zaibert V, Clavel B, Lepetz S, Mashkour M, Helgason A, Stefánsson K, Barrey E, Willerslev E, Outram AK, Librado P, Orlando L.
(2019).
Tracking Five Millennia of Horse Management with Extensive Ancient Genome Time Series.
Cell, 177(6), 1419-1435.e31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.049 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan.
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark; Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Seminari d'Estudis i Recerques Prehistoriques, HAR2017-87695-P, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Anthropology Department, Hartwick College 1, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA.
- Shejire DNA project, 050046 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK.
- National Museum of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia.
- Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (DAI), 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Laboratorio de Paleontologia y Paleobiologia, Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Historico, Sevilla, Spain.
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Paleolithic, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111, Tehran, Iran.
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Postbox 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia.
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
- Anthropology Department, Hartwick College 1, Oneonta, NY 13820, USA.
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iOME), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France.
- Osteological material research laboratory, Klaipėda university, Klaipėda 92294, Lithuania.
- Department of Osteology, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111, Tehran, Iran; Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), E-28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Integrative prähistorische und naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie (IPNA), 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
- Uniarq, Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Integrative prähistorische und naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie (IPNA), 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
- CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 München, Germany; ArchaeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 München, Germany; Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 München, Germany.
- Explico Foundation, 6900 Florø, Norway.
- Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar 51, Mongolia.
- Department of Osteology, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111, Tehran, Iran; Archaezoology section, Bioarchaeology Laboratory of the Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran CP1417634934, Iran.
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
- Departamento de Historia, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
- Operational Direction, Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000, Brussels, Belgium.
- Integrative prähistorische und naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie (IPNA), 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Agricultural University of Iceland, Keldnaholti - Árleyni 22, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland.
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iOME), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
- University of Potsdam, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 191186, Russia.
- Archaeology Institute of Samarkand, Uzbekistan.
- Department of Osteology, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111, Tehran, Iran; Archaezoology section, Bioarchaeology Laboratory of the Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran CP1417634934, Iran.
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg 620144, Russia.
- Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of History, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain.
- Samara State University of Social Science and Education, Samara, Russia.
- Archaezoology section, Bioarchaeology Laboratory of the Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran CP1417634934, Iran; Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Tehran, Iran.
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
- Laboratoire Archéorient, UMR 5133, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 69365 Lyon Cedex 7, France.
- Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Faculty of History and Law, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan.
- Archaeological Research Collection, Tallinn University, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia.
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
- Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro Interuniversitário de História das Ciências e da Tecnologia (CIUHCT), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIES-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Uniarq, Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain; Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain; CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIES-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal.
- S.Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, 637000 Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
- Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar 51, Mongolia.
- University of Oxford, Faculty of History, George Street, Oxford, OX1 2RL, UK.
- Samara State University of Social Science and Education, Samara, Russia.
- Department of Osteology, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111, Tehran, Iran; Archaezoology section, Bioarchaeology Laboratory of the Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran CP1417634934, Iran; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (UMR 7209), 75005 Paris, France.
- Laboratory of Archaeozoology, Department Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Archaeology of Social Dynamics Group (ADS), Institució Milà i Fontanals-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF-CSIC), 08001 Barcelona, Spain; Grup d'Investigació Prehistòrica, HAR2016-78277-R, Universitat de Lleida, 25003 Lleida, Spain.
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Postbox 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Osteoarchaeology Practice and Research Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Postbox 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Agricultural University of Iceland, Keldnaholti - Árleyni 22, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland.
- Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 191186, Russia.
- Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia.
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5199-PACEA, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France.
- Institute for Anthropological Research, Gajeva 32, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Vinkovci Municipal Museum, 32 100 Vinkovci, Croatia.
- Samara State University of Social Science and Education, Samara, Russia.
- Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR), Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO), 1136918111, Tehran, Iran.
- School of History, Classics and Archaeology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK.
- Central Natural Science Collections (ZNS), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iOME), Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
- Integrative prähistorische und naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie (IPNA), 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
- Integrative prähistorische und naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie (IPNA), 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (UMR 7209), 75005 Paris, France; INRAP Guadeloupe, Centre de recherches archéologiques, UMR 7209 CNRS/MNHN, 97113 Gourbeyre, Guadeloupe.
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), PRBB, Barcelona, Catalonia 08003, Spain.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA.
- Department of Osteology, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111, Tehran, Iran; Archaezoology section, Bioarchaeology Laboratory of the Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran CP1417634934, Iran; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (UMR 7209), 75005 Paris, France.
- Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Faculty of History and Law, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan.
- Saeedi Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Kashan, Kashan 87317-51167, Iran.
- Department Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Postbox 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Archaeology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK; Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK.
- Kermanshah Regional Water Authority, Kermanshah 67145-1466, Iran.
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 München, Germany; ArchaeoBioCenter, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 München, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 München, Germany.
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia.
- Ecology Group, Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia.
- Saryarka Archaeological Institute of Buketov Karaganda State University, Karaganda 100074, Kazakhstan.
- Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR), Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO), 1136918111, Tehran, Iran.
- Archaeology of Social Dynamics Group (ADS), Institució Milà i Fontanals-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF-CSIC), 08001 Barcelona, Spain.
- Uniarq, Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, 1600-214 Lisboa, Portugal.
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary University of Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
- Faculty of Humanities (Archaeology), University of Southampton, Avenue Campus, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BF, UK.
- Scientific Research Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilizations, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (UMR 7209), 75005 Paris, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (UMR 7209), 75005 Paris, France.
- Department of Osteology, National Museum of Iran, 1136918111, Tehran, Iran; Archaezoology section, Bioarchaeology Laboratory of the Central Laboratory, University of Tehran, Tehran CP1417634934, Iran; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique, Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements (UMR 7209), 75005 Paris, France.
- deCODE Genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
- deCODE Genetics, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
- GABI UMR1313, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK.
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, 31000 Toulouse, France; Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, University of Copenhagen, 1350K Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: ludovic.orlando@univ-tlse3.fr.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Asia
- Biological Evolution
- Breeding / history
- DNA, Ancient / analysis
- Domestication
- Equidae / genetics
- Europe
- Female
- Genetic Variation / genetics
- Genome / genetics
- History, Ancient
- Horses / genetics
- Male
- Phylogeny
Grant Funding
- 681605 / European Research Council
- U01 MH106874 / NIMH NIH HHS
- W 1225 / Austrian Science Fund FWF
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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