Transcranial magnetic stimulation: review of the technique, basic principles and applications.
Abstract: Transcranial magnetic stimulation is rapidly developing as a powerful, non-invasive tool for studying the descending motor tracts in humans. The applications of the test in animals are for the moment restricted to small animals. However, this non-invasive, sensitive and painless technique appears promising as a test of motor tract function in horses where the neurological examination is mainly restricted to clinical evaluation and some ancillary tests, such as radiography, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and electromyography. In this review, we want to discuss the history, basic principles, technique and applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in humans and small animals and indicate the possibilities for its use in horses. Since the great portion of this review is based on human studies, it is worthwhile to mention that the reports being described are from humans unless otherwise specified.
Publication Date: 2003-06-06 PubMed ID: 12788015DOI: 10.1016/s1090-0233(03)00025-xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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This research article provides an overview of transcranial magnetic stimulation, a non-invasive technique for studying motor tracts in humans, and its potential applications in veterinary medicine, specifically for horses.
Introduction to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
- The article begins by explaining what transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is. It refers to a non-invasive technique used predominantly for evaluating the function of motor tracts in humans. Motor tracts are groups of nerve fibers contributing to voluntary muscle activity.
- The authors describe TMS as sensitive, painless, and powerful, providing information about the functional integrity of the descending motor tract without the need for surgery or causing discomfort.
Application in Animals
- While the use of TMS is currently limited to small animals, the authors highlight its potential usefulness in testing motor tract functions in larger animals, specifically horses.
- The examination of neurological function in horses is often restricted to clinical evaluations and limited ancillary tests, such as radiography, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and electromyography. Therefore, the deployment of TMS might bring about significant improvements in this area.
The History, Basic Principles, and Technique of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
- One part of the article focuses on discussing the historical development, fundamental principles, and practical techniques of TMS, providing an integral understanding of this tool. However, the majority of the references used for these discussions are from human studies.
Potential Use in Horses
- Lastly, the authors explore the potential expansion of TMS application to horses. While they do not present concrete evidence, they speculate about how it could be applied and the benefits it may bring to equine neurology.
Cite This Article
APA
Nollet H, Van Ham L, Deprez P, Vanderstraeten G.
(2003).
Transcranial magnetic stimulation: review of the technique, basic principles and applications.
Vet J, 166(1), 28-42.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s1090-0233(03)00025-x Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biology of Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium. Heidi.Nollet@rug.ac.be
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Central Nervous System Diseases / diagnosis
- Central Nervous System Diseases / physiopathology
- Central Nervous System Diseases / veterinary
- Dogs
- Electric Stimulation / methods
- Electromagnetic Fields
- Evoked Potentials, Motor
- Female
- Horses
- Humans
- Male
- Motor Cortex / physiopathology
Citations
This article has been cited 13 times.- Khan A, Yuan K, Bao SC, Ti CHE, Tariq A, Anjum N, Tong RK. Can Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Facilitate Post-stroke Cognitive Rehabilitation? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.. Front Rehabil Sci 2022;3:795737.
- Xia Y, Wang M, Zhu Y. The Effect of Cerebellar rTMS on Modulating Motor Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders: a Systematic Review.. Cerebellum 2023 Oct;22(5):954-972.
- Journée SL, Journée HL, Berends HI, Reed SM, Bergmann W, de Bruijn CM, Delesalle CJG. Trapezius Motor Evoked Potentials From Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Reference Data, Characteristic Differences and Intradural Motor Velocities in Horses.. Front Neurosci 2022;16:851463.
- Xu Y, Peremans K, Courtyn J, Audenaert K, Dobbeleir A, D'Asseler Y, Achten E, Saunders J, Baeken C. The Impact of Accelerated HF-rTMS on Canine Brain Metabolism: An [(18)F]-FDG PET Study in Healthy Beagles.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:800158.
- Marson F, Lasaponara S, Cavallo M. A Scoping Review of Neuromodulation Techniques in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Useful Tool for Clinical Practice?. Medicina (Kaunas) 2021 Feb 27;57(3).
- Journée SL, Journée HL, Berends HI, Reed SM, de Bruijn CM, Delesalle CJG. Comparison of Muscle MEPs From Transcranial Magnetic and Electrical Stimulation and Appearance of Reflexes in Horses.. Front Neurosci 2020;14:570372.
- Journée SL, Journée HL, Reed SM, Berends HI, de Bruijn CM, Delesalle CJG. Extramuscular Recording of Spontaneous EMG Activity and Transcranial Electrical Elicited Motor Potentials in Horses: Characteristics of Different Subcutaneous and Surface Electrode Types and Practical Guidelines.. Front Neurosci 2020;14:652.
- Journée SL, Journée HL, de Bruijn CM, Delesalle CJG. Multipulse transcranial electrical stimulation (TES): normative data for motor evoked potentials in healthy horses.. BMC Vet Res 2018 Apr 3;14(1):121.
- Campos Mello Inglez de Souza MC, Ferreira RJR, Patricio GCF, Matera JM. Neurophysiological assessment of spinal cord injuries in dogs using somatosensory and motor evoked potentials.. Acta Vet Scand 2017 Jun 12;59(1):37.
- Tsagaris KZ, Labar DR, Edwards DJ. A Framework for Combining rTMS with Behavioral Therapy.. Front Syst Neurosci 2016;10:82.
- de Beukelaar TT, Van Soom J, Huber R, Wenderoth N. A Day Awake Attenuates Motor Learning-Induced Increases in Corticomotor Excitability.. Front Hum Neurosci 2016;10:138.
- Zehr EP. Future think: cautiously optimistic about brain augmentation using tissue engineering and machine interface.. Front Syst Neurosci 2015;9:72.
- Martin-Vaquero P, da Costa RC. Transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials in Great Danes with and without clinical signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy: association with neurological findings and magnetic resonance imaging.. Vet J 2014 Sep;201(3):327-32.
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