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Animal health research reviews2008; 9(1); 71-86; doi: 10.1017/S1466252307001430

Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that is maintained in a bird-mosquito transmission cycle. Humans, horses and other non-avian vertebrates are usually incidental hosts, but evidence is accumulating that this might not always be the case. Historically, WNV has been associated with asymptomatic infections and sporadic disease outbreaks in humans and horses in Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia. However, since 1994, the virus has caused frequent outbreaks of severe neuroinvasive disease in humans and horses in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. In 1999, WNV underwent a dramatic expansion of its geographic range, and was reported for the first time in the Western Hemisphere during an outbreak of human and equine encephalitis in New York City. The outbreak was accompanied by extensive and unprecedented avian mortality. Since then, WNV has dispersed across the Western Hemisphere and is now found throughout the USA, Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America. WNV has been responsible for >27,000 human cases, >25,000 equine cases and hundreds of thousands of avian deaths in the USA but, surprisingly, there have been only sparse reports of WNV disease in vertebrates in the Caribbean and Latin America. This review summarizes our current understanding of WNV with particular emphasis on its transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology.
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Publication Date: 2008-03-19 PubMed ID: 18348742DOI: 10.1017/S1466252307001430Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article discusses the shifting dynamics and epidemiology of the West Nile Virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne virus primarily hosted by birds. Initial findings have historically classified humans and other non-avian creatures as incidental hosts, but new evidence raises questions about this assumption. Key changes to the virus’s outbreaks and geographic ranges observed since 1994, such as the severeness of neuroinvasive diseases in humans and horses and the virus’s expansion to new territories starting in 1999, are discussed. The article further reviews our current understanding of the WNV and its increasingly varying impacts and transmission dynamics.

Overview of West Nile Virus (WNV)

  • The West Nile Virus belongs to the flavivirus category, which is predominately circulated in a transmission cycle involving birds and mosquitoes.
  • Humans, horses, and non-avian vertebrates have generally been considered incidental hosts, but recent studies suggest this may not always hold true.
  • Historically, WNV was associated with asymptomatic infections with occasional disease outbreaks in humans and horses across Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia.

Changes in Virus Transmission and Impact

  • Since 1994, the patterns and impacts of WNV have undergone significant changes. The virus has begun causing regular, severe neuroinvasive disease outbursts, affecting both humans and horses primarily in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin.
  • In a surprising geographic expansion in 1999, WNV appeared within the Western Hemisphere during a human and equine encephalitis outbreak in New York City. This was accompanied by a notably high mortality rate among birds.

Geographic Spread and Impact of WNV

  • From the initial outbreak in New York City, WNV gradually spread to cover the USA, Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America. Consequently, the geographic footprint of WNV has radically expanded relative to its original locations.
  • The spread within the USA has been significant, resulting in over 27,000 human cases, more than 25,000 equine cases, and hundreds of thousands of bird deaths. However, reports in the Caribbean and Latin America remain surprisingly sparse.

Current Understanding of WNV

  • The article concludes by collating our current understanding of WNV, with a focus on its changing epidemiology and transmission dynamics.
  • This understanding is continually evolving as the virus exhibits new behaviors, expands to new regions, and affects new host populations.

Cite This Article

APA
Blitvich BJ. (2008). Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus. Anim Health Res Rev, 9(1), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252307001430

Publication

Animal health research reviews
ISSN: 1466-2523
NlmUniqueID: 101083072
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 9
Issue: 1
Pages: 71-86

Researcher Affiliations

Blitvich, Bradley J
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. blitvich@iastate.edu

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Birds
  • Culicidae / virology
  • Disease Outbreaks / veterinary
  • Disease Reservoirs / veterinary
  • Disease Reservoirs / virology
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Insect Vectors / virology
  • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / transmission
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • West Nile Fever / virology
  • West Nile virus / growth & development
  • West Nile virus / pathogenicity

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