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Home / Equine Research Bank / Am J Trop Med Hyg / Transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in ce...
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2003; 68(4); 495-500;

Transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in central Alabama.

Abstract: A site near Tuskegee, Alabama was examined for vector activity of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in 2001. More than 23,000 mosquitoes representing 8 genera and 34 species were collected during a 21-week period, and five species, Culiseta melanura, Aedes vexans, Coquillettidia perturbans, Culex erraticus, and Uranotaenia sapphirina, were examined for the presence of virus using a nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for EEE virus. Each species was infected at various times of the mosquito season (May-September) with different minimum infection rates (MIRs). Culiseta melanura had the highest MIR (20.2) and positive pools were detected from late May to mid-September. Aedes vexans had an MIR of 2.2 and was infected early in the season (June), while Cq. perturbans exhibited a much higher field infection rate (9.9) with all positive pools collected in August. Culiseta melanura is a likely endemic vector in central Alabama, while Ae. vexans and Cq. perturbans probably function as bridge vectors. Culex erraticus, the most common mosquito in the habitat (54% of total collections), had an MIR of 3.2, and was persistently infected from mid-June to mid-September. This is the first report of high rates of EEE virus infection in this species, a member of the tropical subgenus Melanoconion. Uranotaenia sapphirina, considered to feed on amphibians and possibly reptiles, had an MIR of 5.6, with positive pools spanning a four-month period. This suggests that species other than birds may serve as a reservoir for EEE in hardwood swamps in the Southeastern United States and elsewhere. The lengthy period of mosquito infection with EEE virus, coupled with the diverse habits of the vectors and their proximity to a population center, indicate the importance of monitoring EEE virus activity in the Mid-South.
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Publication Date: 2003-07-24 PubMed ID: 12875303PubMed Central: PMC2575747
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  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research study discusses the examination of Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus transmission among different mosquito species in Tuskegee, Alabama during 2001. It highlights the varying infection rates and virus presence across different mosquito species over the mosquito season.

Research Method

  • In this study, more than 23,000 mosquitoes were collected from a site near Tuskegee, Alabama over a 21 week period.
  • The mosquito samples represented 8 different genera and 34 species.
  • Upon collection, five species, namely Culiseta melanura, Aedes vexans, Coquillettidia perturbans, Culex erraticus, and Uranotaenia sapphirina, were specifically tested for the presence of EEE virus.
  • The virus detection method used was a nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction specifically designed to recognize the EEE virus.

Findings

  • The research found that each mosquito species was infected with the EEE virus at various times throughout the mosquito season, spanning from May to September. Both the time of infection and minimum infection rates (MIRs) differed between species.
  • Of all the mosquitoes tested, the species Culiseta melanura had the highest MIR (20.2).
  • Aedes vexans exhibited an MIR of 2.2 and infection was observed early in the mosquito season (June).
  • Coquillettidia perturbans had a higher field infection rate (9.9), with all positive test results collected in August.
  • The most common mosquito species in the habitat, Culex erraticus (54% of total collections), had an MIR of 3.2 and was found to be persistently infected from mid-June to mid-September.
  • The last species tested, Uranotaenia sapphirina, recorded an MIR of 5.6 and the positive test results spanned over a four-month period.

Implications and Conclusions

  • The research suggests that Culiseta melanura may act as an endemic vector in central Alabama while Aedes vexans and Coquillettidia perturbans may function as bridge vectors.
  • The study presents first time evidence of high rates of EEE virus infection in Culex erraticus, a member of the tropical subgenus Melanoconion.
  • The wide span of infection period in Uranotaenia sapphirina suggests that species other than birds may serve as a virus reservoir, hinting at the possible role of amphibians and potentially reptiles in EEE virus transmission.
  • The duration of mosquito infection with EEE virus along with varied habitats of vectors and their closeness to populated areas highlights the importance of continued monitoring of EEE virus in the Mid-South.

Cite This Article

APA
Cupp EW, Klingler K, Hassan HK, Viguers LM, Unnasch TR. (2003). Transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in central Alabama. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 68(4), 495-500.

Publication

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene
ISSN: 0002-9637
NlmUniqueID: 0370507
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 68
Issue: 4
Pages: 495-500

Researcher Affiliations

Cupp, Eddie W
  • Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5413, USA. ecupp@acesag.auburn.edu
Klingler, Kimberly
    Hassan, Hassan K
      Viguers, Leslie M
        Unnasch, Thomas R

          MeSH Terms

          • Alabama
          • Animals
          • Culicidae / virology
          • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / genetics
          • Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine / isolation & purification
          • Encephalomyelitis, Eastern Equine / transmission
          • Female
          • Insect Vectors / virology
          • RNA, Viral / isolation & purification
          • Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

          Grant Funding

          • R01 AI049724 / NIAID NIH HHS
          • R01 AI049724-04 / NIAID NIH HHS
          • R01-AI-49724 / NIAID NIH HHS

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