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Australian veterinary journal1999; 76(12); 813-818; doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1998.tb12335.x

Transmission studies of Hendra virus (equine morbillivirus) in fruit bats, horses and cats.

Abstract: To determine the infectivity and transmissibility of Hendra virus (HeV). Methods: A disease transmission study using fruit bats, horses and cats. Methods: Eight grey-headed fruit bats (Pteropus poliocephalus) were inoculated and housed in contact with three uninfected bats and two uninfected horses. In a second experiment, four horses were inoculated by subcutaneous injection and intranasal inoculation and housed in contact with three uninfected horses and six uninfected cats. In a third experiment, 12 cats were inoculated and housed in contact with three uninfected horses. Two surviving horses were inoculated at the conclusion of the third experiment: the first orally and the second by nasal swabbing. All animals were necropsied and examined by gross and microscopic pathological methods, immunoperoxidase to detect viral antigen in formalin-fixed tissues, virus isolation was attempted on tissues and SNT and ELISA methods were used to detect HeV-specific antibody. Results: Clinical disease was not observed in the fruit bats, although six of eight inoculated bats developed antibody against HeV, and two of six developed vascular lesions which contained viral antigen. The in-contact bats and horses did not seroconvert. Three of four horses that were inoculated developed acute disease, but in-contact horses and cats were not infected. In the third experiment, one of three in-contact horses contracted disease. At the time of necropsy, high titres of HeV were detected in the kidneys of six acutely infected horses, in the urine of four horses and the mouth of two, but not in the nasal cavities or tracheas. Conclusions: Grey-headed fruit bats seroconvert and develop subclinical disease when inoculated with HeV. Horses can be infected by oronasal routes and can excrete HeV in urine and saliva. It is possible to transmit HeV from cats to horses. Transmission from P poliocephalus to horses could not be proven and neither could transmission from horses to horses or horses to cats. Under the experimental conditions of the study the virus is not highly contagious.
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Publication Date: 1999-02-11 PubMed ID: 9972433DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1998.tb12335.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates the transmission and infectivity of Hendra virus using horses, fruit bats, and cats as test subjects. The study reveals that while fruit bats and horses can contract and excrete the virus, it’s not easily transmitted among these species or to cats.

Study Procedure

  • The research was partitioned into three experimental sections; each set up with the aim of determining the possibility of Hendra Virus (HeV) transmission between different species (fruit bats, horses, and cats). Close attention was given to whether the issues under investigation seroconvert (produce specific antibodies in response to the virus).
  • The first experiment involved inoculating grey-headed fruit bats and placing them in close proximity with uninfected bats and horses.
  • The second experiment involved horses, some of which were inoculated and placed with uninfected horses and cats.
  • The third experiment focused on cats that had been inoculated and placed with uninfected horses.
  • For all studies, detailed postmortem examinations were conducted on the animals to spot viral presence, viral-induced damages, and the levels of HeV-specific antibodies.

Results

  • The study found that fruit bats, although not visibly sick, developed antibodies against the virus when inoculated. This suggests that they seroconverted and possibly developed an asymptomatic version of the disease.
  • The virus didn’t spread to either the uninfected bats or horses that were in contact with the inoculated bats.
  • In the second part of the experiment involving horses, it was evident that most of the inoculated animals developed the disease. However, the ailment was not transmitted to the other horses and cats they were housed with.
  • The third experiment showed that Hendra virus could be passed on to horses through cats.
  • Crucially, the evidence showed virus existence in the kidneys of infected horses and to a lesser degree in the urine and mouth of some horses. There was no evidence of the virus in the nasal cavities or tracheas.

Conclusions

  • The study itemized that grey-headed fruit bats and horses could contract the Hendra virus and seroconvert, but it was not easily transmitted to other individuals of their species or to other species (like the horses and cats in the experiments).
  • From the experiments, horses became infected and could excrete the virus through urine and saliva. However, the disease didn’t prove highly contagious under the experimental conditions the research deployed.
  • The research did not prove conclusively that fruit bats could transmit the virus to horses, or that there could be transmission from horses to cats or other horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Williamson MM, Hooper PT, Selleck PW, Gleeson LJ, Daniels PW, Westbury HA, Murray PK. (1999). Transmission studies of Hendra virus (equine morbillivirus) in fruit bats, horses and cats. Aust Vet J, 76(12), 813-818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1998.tb12335.x

Publication

Australian veterinary journal
ISSN: 0005-0423
NlmUniqueID: 0370616
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 76
Issue: 12
Pages: 813-818

Researcher Affiliations

Williamson, M M
  • CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria.
Hooper, P T
    Selleck, P W
      Gleeson, L J
        Daniels, P W
          Westbury, H A
            Murray, P K

              MeSH Terms

              • Administration, Intranasal
              • Administration, Oral
              • Animals
              • Antibodies, Viral / blood
              • Antigens, Viral / analysis
              • Cat Diseases / immunology
              • Cat Diseases / transmission
              • Cats
              • Chiroptera
              • Chlorocebus aethiops
              • Disease Reservoirs / veterinary
              • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary
              • Female
              • Horse Diseases / immunology
              • Horse Diseases / transmission
              • Horses
              • Injections, Subcutaneous / veterinary
              • Kidney / virology
              • Male
              • Morbillivirus / immunology
              • Morbillivirus / pathogenicity
              • Morbillivirus Infections / immunology
              • Morbillivirus Infections / transmission
              • Morbillivirus Infections / veterinary
              • Neutralization Tests / veterinary
              • Vero Cells

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